Feeding juvenile Artemia enriched with ascorbic acid improves larval survival in the spiny lobster Jasus edwardsii

Newly hatched Jasus edwardsii phyllosoma were fed unenriched Artemia [endogenous ascorbic acid (AA) concentration of 166 μg g^?1 dry weight (dw)], Artemia supplemented with algae (AA concentration 594 μg g^?1 dw) or with ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate (A2P) (AA concentration 11 737 μg g^?1 dw) to examine possible benefits of AA enhancement on culture. Plain or algal‐enriched Artemia were fed continuously for 28 days in two treatments during the study. Four other treatments received A2P‐enriched Artemia on a progressive basis starting from the commencement of the trial (D‐0), the third (D‐3), sixth (D‐6) or ninth day (D‐9) of Stage I (14 days) and similarly during Stage II (14 days). Prior to the commencement of A2P supplementation, plain Artemia were supplied to these animals. By Stage III (28 days feeding), algal, D‐0 and D‐3 phyllosoma had attained the largest size. The uptake and retention of AA by Stage III phyllosoma appeared to be dose‐dependent with the highest concentration of AA incorporation evident in D‐0 phyllosoma (1816 μg g^?1 dw), while algal and plain phyllosoma contained the lowest concentrations (600 and 300 μg g^?1 dw, respectively). Survival at Stage III was highest in D‐0 phyllosoma (89%) and lowest in plain phyllosoma (51%). There was a positive relationship between phyllosoma AA concentration and larval survival (R² = 0.8328, P < 0.0001). D‐0 phyllosoma had the lowest stress index when subjected to an osmotic/temperature activity test, indicative of better survival in culture compared to plain, algal and D‐9 phyllosoma, which had consistently higher indices. A negative relationship existed between phyllosoma AA concentration and stress indices at Stage III (R² = 0.9263, P < 0.0001), suggesting that AA from the Artemia diet conferred stress resistance.     

3种寄主植物对枣树盗毒蛾生长发育的影响

为了研究枣树害虫盗毒蛾的生长、发育、取食等生物学特点,为枣树害虫防治提供科学依据,笔者在延安6—8 月自然条件下,分别用丝绵木叶、枣树叶及白菜叶3 种叶片饲喂枣树害虫盗毒蛾幼虫,观测比较其体重、体长、蜕皮、结茧和羽化等生长特点,对记录数据进行单因素方差分析及多重比较。结果表明：枣树盗毒蛾幼虫体重和体长随蜕皮次数的增加而增长,共蜕皮6 次,7 个龄期,但白菜叶组较丝绵木叶组和枣树叶组在蜕皮时间、体重和体长增长上均有显著不同,白菜叶饲喂组幼虫平均体重和体长最终分别可达6862.6 μg 和1.71 cm,而枣树叶组仅为2004 μg 和0.9 cm。盗毒蛾结茧、羽化及存活趋势分析结果表明,丝绵木叶组显著高于其它2 组,其幼虫结茧率及羽化率分别为30%和10%,枣树叶组的存活率最低。研究结果对枣树盗毒蛾的测报和防治具有一定的参考价值。     

克氏原螯虾含肉率及蜕皮周期中微量元素分析

以南京地区的克氏原螯虾为研究对象,测试了不同地点、不同月份的克氏原螯虾的含肉率,以及同时期部分小虾和超大型虾的含肉率,分析了螯虾的营养成份,并测试了蜕皮周期中的虾体不同部位的微量元素。结果表明:克氏原螯虾的含肉率与食料的丰欠、季节的不同有很大的关系,人工饲养的螯虾含肉率是野外生长的1.4倍,春季含肉率最高,可达(15.33±2.31)%,秋季含肉率最低,仅(5.38±2.15)%,雌雄螯虾含肉率总体差别不显著,雌性比雄性略高。另外,蜕皮周期中克氏原螯虾不同部位的几种微量元素含量变化明显,在螯虾饲料中添加适量的微量元素,有助于螯虾的生长、发育。文章最后还比较了红、青壳螯虾的含肉率及营养成份,青壳螯虾的含肉率较红壳螯虾的高出1.6倍,但红壳螯虾食用价值更高。     

溶解氧含量和养殖密度对中国对虾生长的影响

研究溶解氧(DO)含量、养殖密度及两者交互作用对中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)生长、存活率、蜕皮率、摄食量及饵料转化率(FCE)的影响,同时通过生产试验探讨中国对虾工厂化养殖的可行性。结果表明,养殖密度显著影响中国对虾的体重增长量、存活率和体长增长量,影响程度由高到低依次为50尾/m3组(LSD,0.032 8 g.d-1,91%和0.041 5 cm.d-1)、200尾/m3组(MSD,0.030 0 g.d-1,61%和0.040 3 cm.d-1)、600尾/m3组(HSD,0.021 0 g.d-1,39%和0.034 8 cm.d-1)。养殖密度对中国对虾摄食量和FCE的影响达到显著水平,影响程度由低到高依次为LSD(0.061 g.g-1.d-1)、MSD(0.081 g.g-1.d-1)、HSD(0.094 g.g-1.d-1)和HSD(10.7%)、MSD(14.9%)、LSD(17.3%)。养殖密度影响中国对虾生长的机制主要取决于存活率、摄食量和食物转化率的变化。DO含量对体重增长量、体长增长量、存活率、蜕皮率、摄食量和FCE的影响不明显。分析发现,蜕皮率和FCE受到DO含量和养殖密度交互作用的影响。生产试验表明,中国对虾在体长小于7 cm、养殖密度在200~250尾/m3时,与相同条件下凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)的生长速度无显著差异,且成活率显著高于后者,说明中国对虾前期进行工厂化养殖是可行的。     

Dietary 5‐aminolevulinic acid enhances adenosine triphosphate production,ecdysis and immune response in Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)

Previous studies have shown that 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA), a precursor of haem, can enhance haem synthesis and the activity of haemoproteins. Here, we investigated the effects of dietary 5‐ALA on Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). Dietary groups included basal diet (BD, control) and BD plus 15, 30 and 60 ppm 5‐ALA (ALA15, ALA30 and ALA60 respectively). Hepatopancreas adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels increased with increasing 5‐ALA concentration (ALA60 p < 0.05) after 2 weeks of feeding. 5‐aminolevulinic acid diets significantly increased the expression of ecdysis‐related genes: nuclear receptor E75 and chitinase 4 (ALA15, ALA30, ALA60), cytochrome P450 Shade (ALA60), chitinase 1 (ALA60) and chitinase 3 (ALA15, ALA60). Catalase (CAT) and prophenoloxidase gene expression levels were also significantly higher in ALA60 after 12 weeks of feeding. Six hours after L. vannamei were exposed to Vibrio parahaemolyticus, total haemocyte count (ALA60) and gene expression levels of CAT (ALA30, ALA60) were significantly higher in 5‐ALA groups compared to the control. 5‐aminolevulinic acid diets also increased survival of L. vannamei following V. parahaemolyticus immersion challenge. These results suggest that supplementing L. vannamei diets with 5‐ALA can enhance ATP production, immune response against V. parahaemolyticus, total haemocyte count and expression of some immune‐related genes. 5‐aminolevulinic acid can also induce ecdysis‐related gene expressions, without adversely affecting growth.     

Effects of acute change in salinity and moulting on the infection of white leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) with white spot syndrome virus upon immersion challenge

In the field, moulting and salinity drop in the water due to excessive rainfall have been mentioned to be risk factors for WSSV outbreaks. Therefore, in this study, the effect of an acute change in environmental salinity and shedding of the old cuticle shell on the susceptibility of Penaeus vannamei to WSSV was evaluated by immersion challenge. For testing the effect of abrupt salinity stress, early premoult shrimp that were acclimated to 35 g L^?1 were subjected to salinities of 50 g L^?1, 35 g L^?1, 20 g L^?1, 10 g L^?1 and 7 g L^?1 or 5 g L^?1 and simultaneously exposed to 10^5.5 SID₅₀ mL^?1 of WSSV for 5 h, after which the salinity was brought back to 35 g L^?1. Shrimp that were transferred from 35 g L^?1 to 50 g L^?1, 35 g L^?1 and 20 g L^?1 did not become infected with WSSV. Shrimp became infected with WSSV after an acute salinity drop from 35 g L^?1 to 10 g L^?1 and lower. The mortality in shrimp, subjected to a salinity change to 10 g L^?1, 7 g L^?1 and 5 g L^?1, was 6.7%, 46.7% and 53.3%, respectively (P < 0.05)_. For testing the effect of moulting, shrimp in early premoult, moulting and post‐moult were immersed in sea water containing 10^5.5 SID₅₀ mL^?1 of WSSV. The resulting mortality due to WSSV infection in shrimp inoculated during early premoult (0%), ecdysis (53.3%) and post‐moult (26.72%) demonstrated that a significant difference exists in susceptibility of shrimp during the short moulting process (P < 0.05). The findings of this study indicate that during a drop in environmental salinity lower than 10 g L^?1 and ecdysis, shrimp are at risk for a WSSV infection. These findings have important implications for WSSV control measures.     

Synthesis and Biological Activity of Allosamidin and Allosamidin Analogues

The chitinase inhibitor/insect ecdysis inhibitor allosamidin and eight allosamidin analogues have been synthesised from simple carbohydrate starting materials. Allosamidin was assayed against Tineola bisselliella (Hummel) larvae and all nine compounds were examined for their effects on the development of larvae of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann). High larval mortality compared to controls resulted when T. bisselliella and L. cuprina larva were exposed to allosami-din. The (1→3) linked regioisomer, the dimeric analogue and the gluco-configurated dimeric analogue of allosamidin all showed high activity against L. cuprina larvae. The regioisomer, the (1→3) linked isomer and its dimeric analogue, as well as the monomer allosamizoline and its regioisomer, were inactive. These new in-vivo results are consistent with known in-vitro insect chitinase inhibition data, in that greatest larval mortality was exhibited by the best inhibitors. © 1997 SCI     

复方中草药对克氏原螯虾生长和脱壳的影响

研究了饲料中添加复方中草药(质量分数为1%,2%和4%)对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)生长和脱壳的影响。结果显示,添加复方中草药后,虾的脱壳周期缩短,脱壳死亡率和非脱壳死亡率均明显降低(P<0.05),但各中草药添加组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。三个剂量的复方中草药添加组均能不同程度地提高虾的脱壳数、成功脱壳数、硬壳虾重和软壳虾重,与未添加组相比差异显著(P<0.05),其中2%组增加最为显著,分别比对照组高出71.1%、103.2%、20.3%、10.0%。回归分析表明,克氏原螯虾的特定生长率达到最大值时的中草药添加质量分数为2.74%。试验表明克氏螯虾饲料中复方中草药水平以2%左右为宜。