Effect of phytoplasmal infection on photosystem II efficiency and thylakoid membrane protein changes in field grown apple (Malus pumila) leaves

We have studied the effect of the apple proliferation phytoplasmal infection on some features of the thylakoids from field grown apple (Malus pumila) leaves. Changes in photosynthetic pigments, soluble proteins, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, nitrate reductase, photosynthetic activities and thylakoid membrane proteins were investigated. The level of total chlorophyll and carotenoids were reduced in phytoplasma-infected leaves. Similar results were also observed for soluble proteins and ribulose- 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity. The in vivo nitrate reductase activity was significantly reduced in infected leaves. When various photosynthetic activities were followed in isolated thylakoids, phytoplasmal infection caused marked inhibition of whole chain and photosystem II activity while the inhibition of photosystem I activity was only marginal. The artificial exogenous electron donors, diphenyl carbazide and hydroxylamine significantly restored the loss of photosystem II activity in infected leaves. The same results were obtained when F_v/F_m was evaluated by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. The marked loss of photosystem II activity in infected leaves could be due to the loss of 47, 33, 28–25, 23 and 17 kDa polypeptides. It is concluded that phytoplasmal infection inactivates the donor side of photosystem II. This conclusion was confirmed by immunological studies showing that the content of the 33 kDa protein of the water-splitting complex was diminished significantly in infected leaves.     

Effects of Donor Cells Treated with Egg Extracts on the Development Competence of Cloned Embryos

Japanese Balck cattle fetal fibroblasts (JBCFF) were induced with Xenopus leavis egg extracts and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) was carried out with the reprogrammed JBCFF as donor cells in order to investigate their effects on SCNT efficiency.Three samples of egg extracts were acquired from different Xenopus laevis.The protein contents and kinds in extracts were evaluated with BCA Protein Quantification Kit and SDS-PAGE.Concentration of Digitonin to permeabilize JBCFF was optimized and assessed with PI staining.Reprogrammed cells treated with egg extract were used as donor in SCNT.Additionally the reconstructed embryos were activated with ionomycin+6-DMAP and A23187+6-DMAP to compare their effects on the development competence.The protein contents of extracts samples were 56.2255,64.6570 and 71.2158 μg/mL,respectively,the each extract had the same composition about 40-55 and 70-100 ku.The optimal concentration of Digitonin was 7 μg/mL and the permeabilization rate was 55.44%.After extracts treatment and continuous culture for 6-7 d,JBCFF formed well-defined colony structures.No significant composition difference was found in rates of fusion (92.83% vs 96.04%),cleavage (89.64% vs 89.78%) and blastocyst formation (24.06% vs 23.12%) of cloned embryos when the colony cells and JBCFF without extracts treatment were used as donor cells (P>0.05).Similarly,the two activation methods had no significant effect on the developmental competence of cloned embryos (cleavage rate 92.16% vs 92.28%,blastocyst rate 23.21% vs 24.18%).Conclusively,Xenopus leavis,egg extracts could induce JBCFF reprogramming to a low differentiated state.However donor cells with reprogramming partially could not improve the development of cloned embryos and its mechanism requires further research.     

Update on Canine and Feline Blood Donor Screening for Blood‐Borne Pathogens

An update on the 2005 American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) Consensus Statement on blood donor infectious disease screening was presented at the 2015 ACVIM Forum in Indianapolis, Indiana, followed by panel and audience discussion. The updated consensus statement is presented below. The consensus statement aims to provide guidance on appropriate blood‐borne pathogen testing for canine and feline blood donors in North America.     

以分子标记辅助选择育成抗条纹叶枯病水稻新品种“武陵粳1号”

条纹叶枯病是21世纪以来江苏省最重要的水稻病害之一。食味品质较优的主栽品种武育粳3号因高度感染该病而种植面积锐减。本研究以镇稻88为抗条纹叶枯病毒病基因Stvb-i的供体亲本,采用回交育种策略,改良武育粳3号的抗条纹叶枯病性能。在连续回交和自交过程中,以紧密连锁的双侧分子标记对Stvb-i进行“前景”选择,同时对后代与轮回亲本遗传背景的相似程度进行分子标记辅助“背景”选择,在短期内育成抗条纹叶枯病的“武育粳3号”,命名为“武陵粳1号”。新品种保持了原品种的基本农艺性状、丰产性、稳产性和优异的食味品质,并大幅度提高了其条纹叶枯病抗性水平,在江苏省多点抗性鉴定试验中的平均病株率仅为4.4%,极显著低于原品种(53.2%)。     

供体牛采卵后不同清宫处理方法的效果分析

本文选用采卵后鉴定为子宫炎的供体母牛,用土霉素、土霉素和前列腺素(PG)、清宫液3种治疗方案对子宫炎供体牛进行了治疗.对采卵的处理情况和后续的子宫卵巢机能恢复后再配种受胎情况,冲胚时间至治疗后第1次发情时间,冲胚时间至受胎时间进行了临床效果观察.结果表明:土霉素和PG组与土霉素组、清宫液组差异显著(P＜0.05).土霉素和PG组与土霉素组、清宫液组相比,子宫炎供体牛治疗后出现首次发情和冲胚至受胎时间明显缩短,首次出现发情分别平均缩短1.56 d、3.27 d,冲胚至受胎时间分别平均缩短10.25 d、12.39 d.     

供体细胞对哺乳动物体细胞核移植的影响

哺乳动物体细胞核移植技术(克隆)在农业、生物技术、医药生产和濒危动物保护等方面具有很大的潜力和应用价值,已成为目前发育生物学研究的重要方法.文章依据近年来国内外在动物克隆技术方面的资料,分析了供体细胞类型、供体细胞动物年龄、供体细胞所处细胞周期、体外传代次数以及供体动物性别等因素对克隆动物效率的影响及可能原因.     

5-aza—dC联合TSA对不同供体细胞来源牛核移植胚胎体外发育的影响

为研究5-aza—dC和TSA提高核移植胚胎体外发育能力的作用是否有供体细胞特异性,实验选择皮肤成纤维细胞、胎儿成纤维细胞和卵丘颗粒细胞作为核供体细胞进行核移植,联合使用20nM（72h）5-aza—dc和50nM（12h）TSA处理供体细胞和重构胚,比较5-ttZa—dC＋TSA对不同供体细胞来源核移植胚胎体外发育的影响。实验结果表明,经5-azaLdC＋TSA处理后,极显著提高了3种供体细胞来源核移植胚胎的体外囊胚发育率（P〈0．01）。虽然胎儿成纤维细胞和卵丘颗粒细胞得到的发育率稍高于皮肤成纤维细胞组,但各对照组之间以及各处理组之间的体外发育率没有明显差异,5-aza—dC和TSA对核移植胚胎体外发育的影响没有供体细胞特异性。     

黑麦在小麦改良中的应用研究进展

黑麦属(Secale cereale)是小麦的近缘植物,是改良小麦抗病性、品质和产量等性状的重要外源基因供体,通过染色体工程方法结合常规育种可以将黑麦基因导入小麦,丰富小麦的遗传变异。为了了解目前黑麦在小麦育种中应用的现状,总结论述了黑麦基因向小麦转移的不同方式、黑麦遗传物质的鉴定方法,并对黑麦在小麦育种中的应用前景进行了展望．以期促进黑麦有益基因向小麦的转移,进一步扩大黑麦优良基因在小麦育种和生产中的利用价值。     

Relationship Between the First Base of the Donor Splice Site of Waxy Gene Intron 1 and Amylose Content in Yunnan Indigenous Rice Varieties

There exists a single nucleotide polymorphism, G or T, at the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 in rice. In order to study the relationship between the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 and amylose content in rice, the one-step PCR method was used to determine whether it is G or T in 220 Yunnan indigenous rice varieties from 14 districts, 55 towns/counties of Yunnan Province, and 101 varieties of which were validated by the PCR-Acc I method. According to the G/T polymorphism, 164 rice varieties showed GG-genotype, while the other 56 fell into TT-genotype, accounting for 74.5% and 25.5% of all the test varieties, respectively. When all the rice varieties were divided into indica and japonica subspecies, it was found that 80.5% of indica rice and 67.0% of japonica rice belonged to GG-genotype. The rice varieties with GG-genotype had significantly higher amylose content (18.95% on average) than those with TT-genotype (all below 16%), but 33 rice varieties with GG-genotype still had low amylose content ranging from 3.91% to 15.93%, and most of them came from the Dai minority area in the Southwest of Yunnan Province. However, there was no significant difference in the mean amylose content of the same GG or TT genotypes between indica and japonica rice, suggesting that different genetic backgrounds, indica or japonica, had no effect on amylose content. The coefficient of correlation between the genotype and amylose content was 0.733 (P<0.01).     

刺槐、木荷水浸液对马尾松幼苗生理活性的化感效应

用枯落物浸提液生物鉴定的方法,研究了刺槐、木荷对马尾松幼苗生理活性的化感影响。结果表明,两供体植物对受体光合色素含量和质膜相对透性的影响,总体表现为促进作用;对受体光合速率和蒸腾速率的影响,表现为抑制效应。供体木荷对氮、磷吸收的影响表现出低促高抑的作用趋势,对钾元素的吸收,均表现出一定的促进效应;而供体刺槐对氮、钾吸收的影响,则表现出高促低抑的作用趋势,对磷吸收的影响则相反。