秋水仙碱处理油菜离体小孢子的染色体加倍效应

用秋水仙碱对52份甘蓝型油菜品系（种）和它们的杂种离体小孢子的单倍体二倍化技术进行了研究。从花药中分离出的单核晚期小孢子接种在含10－800mg/L秋水仙碱的NLN液体培养基中处理16－90h后转入无秋水仙碱的相同培养基诱导胚状体。结果表明，用10mg/L秋水仙碱处理小孢子48h，10份材料的双单倍体植株变幅为37.10%-90.12%，平均为65.44%。50mg/L处理48h的8份材料是48.72%-97.81%，平均88.86%。100－800mg/L处理16－48h的试验，多数加倍率在90％－100％之间。但该处理药用量大，费用高，而且对小孢子毒性大，胚状体再生率低。试验还表明，秋水仙碱处理小孢子诱导的二倍体植株所产生的花一般均能结籽，带有不孕花的嵌合植株极少。用秋水碱处理水孢子再生的植株的根或芽所产生的二倍体植株多是可孕和不孕花共生的嵌合植株，自交后产生的单株种子很少，难以达到遗传和育种所需的群体量。     

Competition between 2x and x pollen in styles of Solanum tuberosum determined by a quick in vivo method

Summary Pollen competition in vivo was studied by placing two pollen samples on one stigma and comparing the length of the tubes under a U.V. microscope. Comparisons involving pollen of Solanum tuberosum and S. phureja showed that 2x pollen grew faster than x pollen, both in 2x and x styles. Consequences for induction of dihaploids in S. tuberosum are discussed.     

Genetics of self-compatibility in dihaploids of Solanum tuberosum L. 5. The S-genotype of tetraploid potato cultivar gineke

Summary Investigations of the genetics of self-compatibility and self-incompatibility in dihaploids and diploid derivatives from cv. Gineke revealed the presence of S ₁, S₂ and S ₃ at the S-locus of Gineke and in addition an S ₁-allele on a translocation. By means of a complete tester set involving the S-alleles S ₁, S₂ and S ₃ (all from Gineke) and S ₄ (from Black 4495) it was demonstrated that some Gineke dihaploids were compatible with all six testers. This indicated a fourth S-allele in Gineke, which differs from those in the tester series and was therefore assigned S ₅. Additional evidence was obtained from an analysis of F₁'s from crosses of two S ₅-bearing dihaploids and one of the testers. So the S-genotype of cv. Gineke was identified as S ₁S₂S₃S₅/S₁, the second S ₁ being the S-allele on a translocated fragment.     

Analysis of dihaploid induction and production ability and seed parent x pollinator interaction in potato

Summary The production of dihaploids is the first step in a potato breeding program at the diploid level. Dihaploid induction ability, dihaploid production ability and seed parent x pollinator interaction were analyzed for 28 × 3, seed parent x pollinator combinations. This is the first report on significant interaction between seed parents and pollinators. Despite this interaction, IVP 101 had a significantly higher dihaploid induction ability than the widely used pollinators IVP 35 and IVP 48. Previous findings on significant differences in dihaploid production ability between seed parents were clearly confirmed.     

二倍体马铃薯体细胞电融合的研究

对3种双单倍体马铃薯叶肉原生质体进行自体和异体融合及对二倍体野生种S.phureja实生苗子叶下胚轴原生质体自体融合的实验结果表明:不同基因型马铃薯叶肉原生质体在交变电场中的转动电压、成串电压及细胞拉长电压无明显差异;在1 800 v/ cm的直流脉冲电压、100μs脉冲幅度下,2～3细胞的融合频率最高(24.16 %);实生苗子叶下胚轴原生质体在2 000 v/ cm、100μs的电场作用下融合频率明显高于叶肉组织,其融合频率为43.50 %;实验还显示出,马铃薯叶肉原生质体自体融合频率明显高于异体融合频率。     

Inheritance of genetic markers from two potato dihaploids and their respective parent cultivars

Summary In the first inbred generation (I₁) of cv. Black 4495 a dark green, slowly growing mutant (coded ds) was found, whereas the I₁ of its self-compatible dihaploid, B16, comprised this ds mutant and in addition the mutants virescens (v) and yellow margin (ym). The occurrence of ds and ym might trace back to diploid S. phureja, one of the ancestors of Black 4495. No lethal mutants were observed in I₁ of B16. Analysis of I₁ of cv. Gineke revealed a simplex condition for virescence and either duplex or triplex heterozygosity for one lethal gene. On the other hand, the I₁ of its dihaploid, G254, segregated for virescence and for three different lethal genes. It is shown that both in B16 and in G254 homozygosity of an S-bearing translocation causes early death of embryo and endosperm, thus preventing seed development. From this study it appeared that the three lethal genes from G254 affect germination rate of the seeds. The genotypes at 11 loci of B16 and G254 are presented.Visiting scientists from Birmingham, England and Mlochow, Poland, respectively.     

Identification of the trisomic series in diploid Solanum tuberosum L., group tuberosum. I. Chromosome identification

Summary The morphology of 12 pachytene bivalents of the dihaploid Solanum tuberosum cv. Gineke is described, and the morphological features which are helpful for a critical chromosome identification are illustrated. The difficulties of identifying the individual chromosomes and the extra chromosomes in trisomics are discussed.     

不同基因型马铃薯的花药培养

马铃薯花药培养在马铃薯育种实践中具有重要的意义。现以杂交圃中77份亲本材料为试验材料,对花药高温前处理、培养基和基因型等因素进行了试验。结果表明:马铃薯花药培养对基因型有很大依赖性,不同基因型马铃薯愈伤诱导率范围是0.16%～9.50%,胚状体发生率范围是0.31%～15.63%。克97G8-4、讷16和白俄3的植株再生率范围为12.00%～23.08%,其余全部没有分化出植株。倍性鉴定表明:双单倍体的发生率为93.75%。诱导培养基以MS+0.5 mg·L-1 NAA+1.0 mg·L-12,4-D+1.0 mg·L-1 KT+0.5%活性炭+100 mg·L-1 AgNO3,即③号效果最好,植株分化培养基以MS+4.0 mg·L-1 GA3+2.0 mg·L-1 ZT+30 mg·L-1蔗糖+0.7%琼脂,即②号效果较好。高温预处理对胚状体的发生有利。     

The current status of knowledge on the cellular biology of potato

Summary Conventional potato breeding does not make full use of the existing biodiversity within theSolanum genus. Moreover breeding at the 4x-4x level is slow. The potential for breeding at the diploid and dihaploid levels has therefore been explored. This requires use of novel techniques to overcome deviations from the desired Endosperm Balance Number. Somatic hybridization approaches include symmetric and asymmetric hybridizations and cybridization. Interesting traits have been successfully transferred through these techniques. Introgression and chromosome elimination have profited from the recent and rapid development of analytical techniques such as RFLP and RAPD. Cellular approaches in potato breeding may be combined with conventional breeding by a stepwise reduction of the ploidy level followed by resynthesis of a new heterozygous tetraploid clone. Such schemes have been used to include virus or nematode resistance. Haploids may be derived from different sources or obtained through different techniques. Dihaploid-dihaploid breeding programmes may be especially interesting. Because of this potential, cellular biology of potato deserves the continued interest of the scientific community.     

Effect of environment and direction of hybridization on genetic variability in two diploid potato populations

Summary Twelve selections from each of theSolanum tuberosum Groups haploid Tuberosum and Phureja were intercrossed in a NC Design II pattern to generate reciprocal hybrids. Yield parameters, combining ability and variance components were estimated from field experiments conducted at three locations, one in Minnesota and two in Morocco. Heterosis for yield and tuber number was significant at all locations, but only in Tuberosum cytoplasm. Estimates of general combining ability (GCA) for Tuberosum parents and specific combining ability (SCA) for Tuberosum-Phureja combinations varied with location and direction of hybridization. GCA of Phreja parents, however, was consistently significant at all locations and in both cytoplasms. Genetic variance estimates revealed predominantly non-additive gene action for most traits. Environment and direction of hybridization significantly influenced estimates, of variance components, indicating that hybrid performance should be evaluated in both cytoplasms and in the target environments for effective utilization of this germplasm in future breeding efforts. Scientific Journal Series Article 14,991 of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station supported in part by the U.S. Agency for International Development, contract no. 608-0160, IAV Morocco Project.