植物异源单体附加系鉴定方法研究

植物异源单体附加系是利用外源基因进行品种改良和基因组研究的重要材料。综合阐明了形态标记、细胞学标记、生化标记、分子标记和原位杂交技术在鉴定植物异源单体附加系中的作用,并对各种技术的优缺点进行了综合比较。     

Evaluation of the High-temperature Tolerance of Floral Organs in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

The development of floral organs in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is related to squares and yield formation. The germination percentage of pollen grains, the rate of anther dehiscence and the length of filaments and styles of 11 upland cotton cultivars were determined before and after high-temperature periods by pollen grain culture in vitro. We aimed to analyze the effects of high temperature on pollen germination in styles and on stamen characteristics. The number of pollen tubes in styles and cytological structure of anthers were also tested under simulation of high temperatures by paraffin sectioning of cotton anthers. We found that the germination percentage of pollen grains and rate of anthers dehiscence of Ke 1053, Simian 4 and the male parent of Xiangzamian 3 were greater than those of other cultivars under high field temperatures. There was no significant difference in the length ratio of filaments and styles and filaments length between 11 upland cotton cultivars under high field temperatures. After high-temperature periods in the field, the difference in pollen germination percentage, anther dehiscence, style and filament length between the 11 cultivars was not significant. The number of pollen tubes in Ke 1053, Simian 4 and the male parent of Xiangzamian 3 was greater than those of other cultivars under the high simulation temperature. The number of deformed pollen grains in anthers was also less than those of other cultivars. These results were consistent with the field conditions. This experiment indicated that germination percentage of pollen grains and the rate of anther dehiscence are useful as indicators for screening high-temperature tolerance. The length ratio of filaments and styles and the filaments length could be used as parameters for screening high-temperature tolerance cultivars.     

黄瓜性别决定的细胞学研究

对黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.）雄、雌花的细胞学特征进行了研究。黄瓜雄、雌花的发育从花芽原甚至雌蕊原基出现，无明显差异,在雌花中雌蕊原基出现后雌花进一步发育，花芽的中心凹陷发育为下位子房，雄蕊的花药原基中并未分化出小孢子母细胞。开花时，花药体积较小，并由一群形态结构基本一致的小型细胞组成。在雄花中，雌蕊原基出现后，花芽的中心未发生凹陷，在以后的发育过程中，尽管体积有所增大，但至开花时仍未产生柱头、花柱和子房。电镜观察结果显示，早期滞育雄芯细胞的质体具简单的片层结构，不含淀粉粒，线粒体的嵴不明显。开花时，质体内有较大的淀粉粒，线粒体分化出较明显的嵴，高尔基体周围小泡丰富。同样，开花时滞育雌蕊的细胞内质体大量积累淀粉,线粒体的数量较多，有高度分化的峭，高尔基体产生大量小泡。观察结果表明，尽管滞育雄蕊和滞育雌蕊正常的发育途径受阻，但其细胞和某些细胞器仍在发育成熟。     

粳稻氩离子(Ar+)束诱变育种的细胞学效应研究

为了探明氩离子(Ar+)束注入粳稻产生突变的可行性,采用能量为30 keV,注入单位为2.6×1013Al+/cm2,系数为2 000,2 400,2 800,3000,3 200,3 600,6个不同剂量的Ar+束注入吉农大13、吉农大7、秋田小町3个粳稻品种(品系),研究了Ar+束注入后3个品种M1代的细胞学效应及细胞总畸变率与出苗率、分蘖成穗率、结实率3个农艺性状总生理损伤的相关性。结果表明:Ar+束注入粳稻种子后,细胞分裂指数受抑制,细胞分裂高峰期推迟,细胞畸变率高于对照,且细胞总畸变率有随剂量增加而增加的趋势。在有丝分裂中出现的主要畸变类型有微核、染色体桥、落后染色体及少数的核出芽。3个品种细胞总畸变率与总生理损伤呈正相关,其中“吉农大13”二者的相关性达极显著水平。     

豆科（Leguminosae）七种植物淀粉的细胞学研究及其可能的进化趋势

本实验对豆科的蚕豆属(Vicia)豌豆属(Pisum)、香豌豆属(Lathyrus、)豇豆属(Vigna)、大豆属(Glycine)、田菁属(Sesbenian)和苜蓿属(Medicago)等七个属各一种植物的淀粉进行了细胞学研究。结果表明,同一科不同属的淀粉形态具有一定差异,多数淀粉指标在该七属植物中表现出一定规律性,这一规律性符合根据植物进化一般规律和某些经典分类学及细胞分类学对该七属进化趋势所作出的推测。     

异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育早期胚胎发育及其倍性分析

采用紫外线遗传灭活的长牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）精子作激活源,经6-DMAP加倍诱导栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）第二极体抑制型雌核发育二倍体;运用荧光显微技术,对雌核发育二倍体卵子早期胚胎发育过程中的核相变化进行观察。结果显示,紫外线处理过的精子入卵后发生一次轻微膨胀,形成雄性原核,但不形成染色体,而是浓缩为致密的染色质小体（DCB）,DCB或滞留于两卵裂球的分裂沟上或进入其一的细胞质中,不与雌原核融合;雌核发育胚胎的发育速度明显滞缓,经6-DMAP处理后胚胎发育速度加快,发育同步化;在雌核发育二倍体诱导过程中,还观察到杂交体、异源三倍体、雌核发育单倍体、雌核发育四倍体。结果为异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育提供了细胞学证据。     

无核葡萄与中国野生葡萄杂种胚发育和败育的细胞学研究

测定了无核葡萄品种及其杂种胚珠和浆果不同发育时期的重量和纵横径,并对其进行了细胞学观察。结果表明:(1)不同葡萄品种及杂种组合的胚发育、败育时期不同。(2)无核葡萄及其杂种的胚珠重量和纵横径增加到一定阶段时停止,而浆果在胚珠停止发育时仍继续发育。(3)细胞学观察发现,无核葡萄、有核葡萄及其杂种胚的发育都经历合子胚→多细胞时期→小球形胚→大球形胚→心形胚→鱼雷胚→成熟胚的各个时期。(4)胚败育的主要原因是合子胚发育不良,珠心、珠被细胞提早解体退化;胚乳不分裂或只进行1～2次分裂;授粉、受精不良。因此,在胚珠发育停止前,重量和纵横径最大且胚发育为心形胚时,对无核葡萄及其杂种进行胚挽救易获成功。     

Comparison of Anther Culture and the Hordeum bulbosum Method for the Production of Doubled Haploids in Winter Barley

The comparison, between the efficiency of anther culture and the Hordeum bulbosum method in barley was extended to the chromosome number distributions of all planes derived from the two techniques and the proportions of fertile doubled haploid plants which survived until maturity. The frequencies of haploid and spontaneously doubled haploid plants which were useful for practical breeding purposes were found to be around 90 % for both techniques. The remainder consisted of polyploid, mixoploid and aneuploid variants in the case of microspore-derived plants and diploid interspecific hybrids in the progeny of the H. bulbosum method. The ploidy level distributions of the microspore- and H. bulbosum-derived plants appeared to be independent of the genotype of the donor. There were no significant differences between techniques regarding the proportions, of plants which survived a severe winter and the production of fertile doubled haploid plants. Both techniques can therefore complement each other in a breeding programme and their relative merits are discussed. Possible ways of improving doubled haploid production in barley are suggested for increasing its use in breeding schemes.     

银扇草果实假隔膜的形态发育特征

采用形态学和细胞学方法对银扇草果实假隔膜的形态、发育过程和显微结构特征进行初步研究。发现银扇草果实假隔膜起源于腹缝线假隔膜原基,它的发育历经雏形期、延展期和成熟期3个时期;假隔膜由表皮细胞和内层薄壁细胞构成;雏形期假隔膜呈沙漏状,薄壁细胞富含褐色小体;延展期假隔膜呈杠铃状,薄壁细胞逐渐解体,形成较大的空腔;成熟期假隔膜呈典型的线型结构,薄壁细胞基本退化,仅剩2层表皮细胞;完全成熟的假隔膜近圆扇形,表皮细胞排列有平行、倾斜、垂直等方式,外壁具银色覆饰物;银扇草果实的假隔膜极度发达,随果实协同发育,属背腹扁平型。发达的假隔膜的形成可能与银扇草果实较大、种子较少有关。     

梅花愈伤组织培养研究初报

该试验以腋芽和胚为外植体,进行了梅花愈伤组织的长期培养及其细胞学的初步观测．结果表明成年母株腋芽外植体启动培养的愈伤率和发芽率在不同品种和不同培养基之间稍有差异,３＃梅花品种和ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ２．０＋ＢＡ１．０＋ＺＴ２．０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１培养基较高．胚在ＭＳ＋ＧＡ１０．０培养基上发芽率高,并形成正常无根苗．暗培养有利于愈伤组织的生长,光培养有利于愈伤组织的分化．水解酪蛋白（ＣＨ）既有利于愈伤组织的生长、增殖,也延长了愈伤组织的寿命．梅花愈伤组织在第四代达到生长高峰,附加ＣＨ之后在第七代又出现一次生长高峰;一代之内第四周生长最快．多次继代培养的结果还表明,ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ５．０＋ＫＴ１．０＋ＣＨ１０００有利于梅花愈伤组织的长期培养．细胞学观测的结果表明,多次继代培养的梅花愈伤组织的细胞形状不规则,核物质相对稀少,并且分化出了很多导管．