Narbon Vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.): A Potential Feed Legume Crop for Dry Areas in West Asia

Provision of feed supplies for the rapidly growing livestock population is essential in West Asia. Shortages can be alleviated by growing forage crops in the existing fallow lands.
Narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) is a leguminous species with high yield potential, drought tolerance and cold resistance. It could be used for grain and straw production as source for animal feed in dry areas. It is good source of protein with seeds contain 28 % protein yielding 364 kg per hectare protein, whilst straw contains 9 % protein and yields a similar amounts of digestible protein per hectare.
Nine promising lines of Narbon vetch developed at ICARDA were tested at two sites over four years under rainfed conditions. Since climatic conditions were considered to be of considerable importance, each site in each year was treated as a separate environment to give eight environments with annual rainfall varied from 195 to 504 mm.
Narbon vetch possessed high seedling vigour with rapid winter growth and negligible cold damage. Grain yield varied form 0.47 to 1.90 t/ha, with a harvest index varying from 30 to 40 %. The data indicated that below 300 mm rainfall the grain yield varied from 0.47 t/ha when rain fall was 195 mm to 1.4 t/ha when rainfall was 245 mm. Most of the lines had wide adaptation to dry areas in terms of both grain yield and stability. Climate, except early spring rains had little effect on biological and grain yields.     

Yield Stability of Winter Wheat (Triticum sp.) Cultivars and Lines

The purpose of this study was to compare responsiveness to environment as well as the stability of newly developed promising lines with traditional commercial cultivars. Subject research was conducted in Ankara between 1983-1989 on common and durum wheat cultivars and lines. Regression coefficient (b) was used as the criterion of genotypes' responsiveness to environment whereas deviation from regression (S²d) and coefficient of determination (r²) were used as stability parameters. Each experiment year was regarded as an environment and yield average of each year was used as the environmental index.
In consequence of the research, it was determined that new varieties with high yield, adaptable to diverse environments could be developed by means of hybridizations between parents having different genetic characteristics which were provided from diverse ecological regions.     

江西发展能源作物木薯的可行性及前景分析

从江西的气候条件、边际土地资源、种植效益和以木薯淀粉为原料开发生物燃料乙醇等方面,分析了江西发展能源作物木薯的可行性及发展前景。并提出了江西加快发展木薯生产的建议。     

茭白新品种"金茭2号"的选育及其栽培技术

介绍了金茭2号的选育背景、选育过程、产量表现及其特征特性和主要栽培技术。     

土壤有机碳作用及转化机制研究进展

对土壤有机碳作用的综述研究显示:直至20世纪末,对于土壤有机碳的研究主要集中于阐明具不同化学结构有机物质在土壤中的功能,如胡敏酸、富里酸、黄腐酸的化学结构特征及在土壤肥力中的作用。中欧近年的研究则更关注按照有机碳在土壤中的转化特征进行分组,尝试建立这一分组与土壤有机碳功能的关联。按照转化特征,土壤有机碳可分为稳定性有机碳和营养性有机碳两大类型。前者主要指封存于土壤黏粒中的有机碳,很难被土壤微生物分解和矿化。后者主要指通过作物收获后地表及根系残留物、还田秸秆、有机肥施肥进入土壤的有机碳,是土壤有机碳中易于转化的、活跃的组分,也是形成土壤腐殖质和团聚体的主要前体物质。对土壤肥力具有重要意义。多点长期定位试验研究结果显示:土壤有机碳含量实际上表达了土壤中有机碳输入与分解两个过程的动态平衡。当输入量小于矿化量,将导致土壤有机碳含量和土壤肥力下降。当每年输入的有机碳量大于矿化量,土壤有机碳含量会持续上升;直至每年输入量与矿化量相等,土壤有机碳含量不再增加,此时,土壤有机碳含量达到平衡点。在一般农业生产条件下,达到平衡点的时间周期为20—30年。在营养性有机碳投入量过高情况下,这一动态平衡系统也会...     

施用草甘膦对转基因抗除草剂大豆田杂草防除、大豆安全性及杂草发生的影响

【目的】转GAT和EPSPS双价基因抗草甘膦大豆‘GE-J16’是我国具有自主知识产权的抗除草剂材料,喷施草甘膦后,评价草甘膦对杂草防除、大豆安全和杂草发生的影响,为其将来商业化种植后的安全监测与杂草治理提供数据支持。【方法】除草效果:每小区以对角线5点取样法取5个0.25 m2样点并标记,施药后28 d调查禾本科和阔叶杂草株数,并剪取地上部分称取鲜重,计算株防效和鲜重防效。对大豆安全性:每小区以对角线5点取样法,每点随机取4株大豆并标记,在喷药当天、药后7、14、21及28 d调查大豆株高和复叶数,观察药害,收获前每小区取50株大豆调查结荚数及产量。杂草发生情况:每小区以对角线5点取样法取5个0.25 m2样点并标记(避开除草效果取样点),调查并记录每种杂草种类、株数,计算每种杂草相对多度。【结果】转基因大豆喷施900、1 800和3 600 g a.i./hm2草甘膦对禾本科杂草株防效2016年分别为84.30%、95.22%和83.62%,阔叶杂草株防效分别为49.80%、64.52%和61.93%,禾本科和阔叶杂草鲜重防效分别在95.36%和82.05%以上,2017年对禾本科...     

鸽乳的组成及其生成调控机制的研究进展

鸽乳是由鸽嗉囊组织生成并分泌的半固态营养物质,是乳鸽唯一的营养来源。乳鸽出生后不能自主觅食,需由亲鸽哺育,鸽乳对其生长发育极为重要。鸽乳的生成及分泌是一种特殊的生理过程,在禽类中极为少见,也不同于哺乳动物的泌乳过程。鸽乳主要由蛋白质、脂质、碳水化合物和矿物质等物质组成,其合成与分泌受催乳素、胰岛素和松弛素等多种激素共同调控,通过激活JAK/STAT、PI3K/Akt/TOR、AMPK和Wnt等信号通路,调控相关基因的表达,进而调节嗉囊上皮细胞增殖、变性和营养物质合成、富集等过程。本文综述了鸽乳的组成及其生成调控机制,并与哺乳动物进行了比较,进一步明确了嗉囊产生鸽乳的生理机制及与哺乳动物乳腺泌乳的异同。通过研究鸽乳的组成,可为种鸽营养需要标准制定及人工鸽乳研发提供参考;通过研究鸽乳生成的调控机制,进一步深入挖掘调控泌乳的基因,结合分子标记辅助育种技术,应用于提高种鸽的泌乳能力。     

除草剂对作物产生药害的原因及治理对策

本文论述了我国除草剂使用过程中作物产生药害的主要原因和除草剂药害的治理对策。提出:除草剂使用不合理,除草剂和作物本身的因素,异常的环境条件是药害产生的主要原因。杜绝假冒伪劣及不合格产品,加强除草剂试验、示范、推广工作,深化除草剂应用技术研究,加强农民用药技术水平培训是除草剂安全使用应解决的问题。     

浑善达克沙地参照作物腾发量简易计算方法初探

为了寻找适合浑善达克沙地参照作物腾发量计算的简易方法,该文以实测的微气象数据为基础,分别采用FAO56 Penman-Monteith(1998)、Hargreaves-Samani(1985)、Irmark-Allen拟合以及Priestley-Tay-lor(1972)计算参照作物腾发量,并以普适性强、精度高的FAO56 Penman-Monteith为基准,对其他方法进行气象因子的非线性修正。结果表明:气象因子修正后的参照作物腾发量精度大大提高,为获得相对可靠的参照作物腾发量开辟了新的途径。FAO56 Penman-Monteith、Irmark-Allen拟合和Priestley-Taylor都需要用到净辐射,而专业测量净辐射的设备在农业气象站里很少安装,使三种方法推广使用受到一定限制。气象因子修正后Hargreaves-Samani需要的气象数据相对容易获得,且计算简单,具有较高的精度,建议在缺少气象资料的干旱地区推广采用。     

种植模式与施磷深度对蚕豆群体冠层结构及其产量的影响

在小区试验与大田生产试验条件下,采用三个种植密度(12 000株·667m-2,13 000株·667m-2,14000株·667m-2)、两个留苗方式(一穴单株,一穴双株)及三个施磷深度(10 cm,15 cm,20 cm)处理,通过裂区试验研究了高产蚕豆群体冠层结构指标及其对产量的影响,结果表明,13 000株·667m-2、15 cm施磷深度、双株三角留苗种植模式下,盛花期蚕豆群体叶面积指数、叶绿素SPAD值,主根长均维持在较高水平,冠层结构较优,产量最高,达到275.2 kg·667m-2;生产试验显示,"一穴双株"能有效提高蚕豆结荚率,提高产量,较常规栽培增产14%以上。提出以"深松增密,减穴加距,中层施磷"为主要内容的蚕豆高产栽培技术。