草类植物抗病机制研究进展

草类植物病害是限制草牧业生产和发展的主要因素之一。目前抗病品种的开发利用是目前防治病害最经济有效的方法，植物抗病机制的研究对开发抗病品种和构建生态环境友好型病害防治至关重要。植物受病原菌侵染时形成多种复杂的防御机制，本研究主要从植物组织结构抗性、生理生化抗性、抗性基因和抗性数量性状位点（QTLs）定位等分子机制方面综述草类植物抗病机制研究进展，并提出我国草类植物抗病机制研究中面临的主要问题与解决办法，以期为草类植物抗病育种提供理论依据。     

玉米倒伏影响因素及其QTL定位研究进展

倒伏不仅严重影响玉米产量及品质,而且还影响机械化收获,是当前玉米生产中亟待解决的主要问题之一。近年来,利用分子标记技术揭示了大量与玉米倒伏相关QTL的基本特征及遗传基础,为分子标记辅助育种奠定基础,为玉米抗倒伏的遗传改良提供了新策略。本文综述了玉米倒伏相关影响因素及QTL定位研究进展,并对玉米倒伏相关QTL研究的趋势进行了展望。     

Influence of the Expert Effect on Cultural Models

We examined hunters’ perceptions of fauna to see if expert hunters and other hunters perceive wildlife abundance similarly. We used cultural consensus analysis (CCA) to assess the knowledge of 25 hunters in the Bolivian Amazon about the abundance of 38 animals. CCA indicated highly shared beliefs among hunters concerning wildlife abundance (average agreement = .62). However, expert hunters (as judged by their reported successful hunts of rare species, having hunted recently, and consuming more game in their diet) perceived more animals as abundant than did non-experts, although they all shared the same model. Since the expert hunters did not always agree on which species was more abundant, they had low cultural knowledge scores in CCA results. These experts may be unwilling to curtail hunting efforts on key species that they perceive to be abundant.     

干旱胁迫下玉米根系性状和产量的QTLs分析

以N87-1（耐旱）×9526（敏感）的F2群体为作图群体,构建了包含103个SSR标记的连锁图谱,在干旱胁迫与正常灌溉两种环境下对183个F3家系的初生根数、根干重和产量等3个性状进行表型鉴定,用复合区间法对这些性状进行QTLs检测(LOD>2.5）。结果表明,在两种环境下根数与根重都呈正相关,仅在胁迫环境下根重与产量呈正相关;在     

水稻孕穗期耐热性QTLs分析

水稻籼粳亚种间杂种优势利用是提高水稻产量的重要途径。然而，异常高温或低温导致籼粳亚种间杂种育性下降是影响其优势利用的主要因素之一。本研究以USSR5（粳稻）/广解9号（籼稻）//USSR5回交群体为供试材料，构建了相应的分子连锁图谱，分别以高温处理下直接小穗育性及小穗育性热敏感指数为指标，对水稻孕穗期高温耐热性及其相对耐热性进行数量性状位点（QTLs）分析。结果表明，在第2、4和5染色体上检测到孕穗期耐热性相关的QTL各一个，对表型变异的解释率为6.4%~15.8%；在第4、8染色体上分别检测到与孕穗期相对耐热性相关的QTL，qhts-4和qhts-8，LOD值分别为3.81和2.86，对表型变异的解释率分别为16.8%和9.9%。对其进一步的上位性分析表明，有8条染色体的4对位点存在基因间互作，小穗育性耐热性除受主效QTL控制外，还受基因间互作及修饰基因的影响。     

水稻剑叶性状的遗传分析和基因定位

本研究以水稻籼粳杂交(窄叶青8号×京系17)F1经花药培养, 产生的双单倍体(DH)群体和应用该群体已构建的分子图谱为基础。 采用QTL区间作图法对5个剑叶性状进行定位分析, 结果表明, 在DH群体中, 剑叶长、 宽、 长宽比和叶面积呈连续分布, 受微效多基因控制, 并且各性状均存在一定数量的超亲遗传类型。 4个性状共检测出13     

苹果分子标记及辅助育种研究进展

从基于集群分离分析法、杂交群体、全基因组关联分析和功能基因分子标记4个方面对苹果相关的分子标记及其在辅助育种上的应用进行了综述,为苹果分子标记辅助育种和揭示重要性状的遗传提供依据。     

Projecting the suitability of global and local habitats for myrtle rust (Austropuccinia psidii) using model consensus

Myrtle rust (caused by Austropuccinia psidii) affects more than 500 known host species in the Myrtaceae family. Three different modelling approaches (CLIMEX, MaxEnt and Multi-Model Framework) were used to project the habitat suitability for myrtle rust at both global and local scales. Current data on the global occurrence of myrtle rust were collected from online literature and expert solicitation. Long-term averages of climate data (1960–1990) were sourced from WorldClim and CliMond websites. Recent reports of myrtle rust in New Zealand were used for validation of model outputs but not in model training and testing. The model outputs were combined into a consensus model to identify localities projected to be suitable for myrtle rust according to two or three models (hotspots). In addition to the locations where the pathogen is currently present, all models successfully projected independent occurrence data in New Zealand suitable for establishment of the pathogen. Climate suitability for the pathogen was primarily related to temperature followed by rainfall in MaxEnt and the CLIMEX model. The results confirmed the optimum temperature range of this pathogen in the literature (15–25 °C). Additional analysis of the precipitation variables indicated that excessive rain (more than 2000 mm in warmest quarter of the year) combined with high temperatures (>30 °C) constrain pathogen establishment. The results of the current study can be useful for countries such as New Zealand, China, South Africa and Singapore where the pathogen has not fully spread or established.     

利用F_2群体定位水稻谷粒长宽比QTL

以粳稻南粳35和籼稻N22杂交得到的F2群体为研究对象,通过构建遗传连锁图谱,对控制水稻谷粒长宽比的QTL进行定位。谷粒长宽比在F2群体中呈近似的正态分布,表现为数量性状特征;利用Win QTLcart2.5软件共检测到3个控制谷粒长宽比的QTL,分别位于第3、4和5染色体上,单个QTL对表型的贡献率介于4.97%~58.06%,加性效应值介于0.05~0.20,除q LWR-4外,谷粒长宽比增效基因均来自长粒型水稻品种N22,其中q LWR-5对谷粒长宽比表型贡献率最大;基因作用方式表现为超显性、显性和部分显性;此外,利用QTLNetwork2.0软件没有检测到上位性QTL。     

水稻苗期耐冷性研究进展

就我国水稻苗期耐冷性的鉴定与评价、遗传、分子标记和育种与选择效应等方面的研究进展进行了阐述。并对今后水稻的耐冷性研究提出了建议和展望。