不同降解阶段填埋垃圾体的气体渗透特性研究

通过对不同降解阶段填埋垃圾体渗透系数的测定，研究了在不同压实密度、不同含水率条件下垃圾体渗透特性的变化情况，实验表明：1.对不同降解阶段的填埋垃圾体，新鲜垃圾及混和垃圾的渗透系数接近，腐熟垃圾明显高于前两者；随压实密度增加，其气体渗透系数均呈指数规律递减；2.随着垃圾体含水率的增加，腐熟与新鲜垃圾的渗透系数均呈线性规律递减，含水率对渗透系数的影响要远小于压实密度的影响；3.新垃圾、混合垃圾、腐熟垃圾均具有较显著的各向异性特征，在典型压实密度下，水平方向的气体渗透系数Kh为垂直方向渗透系数Kv的3.5-27.3倍。     

论碾压混凝土坝上游面喷丙乳砂浆的防渗作用

碾压混凝土具有施工速度快，水泥用量少，投资省等明显的优点。国内的理论研究和工程实践都取得了突飞猛进的进展，在防渗问题方面也进行了卓有成效的探索，如福建省几座已建成的碾压混凝土坝均采用不同的防渗类型。文章结合福建省重点工程连江山仔水利枢纽工程碾压混凝土坝的施工情况，介绍了能够充分发挥碾压混凝土坝快速施工特点的悬臂钢模、改性混凝土的施工方法，论述了喷丙乳砂浆作为碾压混凝土坝上游主防渗体与这一施工特点相统一所具有的优越性。     

整体式碾压混凝土重力坝的抗滑稳定性分析

文章采用三维弹塑性力学有限元法对整体式碾压混凝土重力坝的应力和抗滑稳定性进行了计算分析，并与刚体极限平衡法的计算结果进行了比较。结果说明，整体式碾压混凝土重力坝的应力和稳定条件较好，狭谷中的中低坝采用整体式碾压混凝土重力坝，具有明显的经济效益，在采取了严格的温控措施后，可推广采用。     

Using arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth

Soil compaction is of great importance in agriculture, because its high levels may adversely affect plant growth and the environment. Since mechanical methods are not very efficient and economical, using biological methods to alleviate the stress of soil compaction on plant growth may be beneficial. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth, and (2) test the hypothesis that applying arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) with different origins can partially or completely overcome the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn growth under unsterilized and sterilized conditions. Corn was planted in unsterilized and sterilized compacted soils, while treated with three species of AM including, Iranian Glomus mosseae, Iranian Glomus etunicatum, and Canadian Glomus mosseae, received from GINCO (Glomales in vitro Collection), Canada. Plant growth variables and soil resistance parameters were determined. AM significantly increased root fresh (maximum of 94% increase) and dry (maximum of 100% increase) weights in the compacted soil. AM with different origins may improve corn growth in compacted soils, though its effectiveness is related to the level of compaction and also to the interaction with other soil microorganisms.     

黄淮海旱作区土壤压实度空间分布特征及其影响因素

为探究旱作区农田不同层次土壤压实度特征,基于2017年采集的255个土壤样品,运用Mann-Kendall突变检验法、地统计学和冗余分析等方法,探究黄淮海旱作区耕作层和压实层空间分布特征,分析不同层次的土壤压实度的空间变异特性及影响因素,并提出了最佳土壤压实度范围。研究结果表明:旱作区耕作层和压实层厚度均呈现由北向南递增的趋势,耕作层最大厚度可达22.50 cm,最低仅有10.21 cm;压实层厚度最大可达17.50 cm,最小值也达到7.50 cm。从不同层次来看,耕作层和压实层的压实度具有空间分布一致性,耕作层压实度高值区主要分布在河南省东部、安徽北部及河北北部地区,最大值可达87.68%以上,低值区则主要集中在山东西北部以及河北南部地区。和压实层压实度相比,耕作层压实度是影响粮食产量的主要因素,且在70%～80%时获得较高产量。分析表明,土壤压实度受到年降水量、平均气温、土壤自然属性等环境因子和机械耕作等人为因素综合作用的影响。研究结果可为黄淮海农田土壤压实情况的改善及管理措施的科学制定提供理论支撑。     

成垄压实耕作条件下土壤水分分布的试验研究

利用野外模拟降雨试验，研究了不同垄沟（自然垄沟、盖膜垄沟、成垄压实）耕作条件下土壤水分分布特征和再分布规律。结果表明：垄沟耕作改变了农田微地形，利用垄上降雨顺垄流人沟中，从而拦蓄部分径流，相对增加了沟中土壤蓄水，有利于水分向下运移。相对于自然垄沟，膜垄的集雨效果明显，沟中土壤平均含水量显著高于垄中，20～100cm土层范围内平均土壤含水量分别为12．7％和9．1％；成垄压实土壤水分在剖面分布状况与盖膜垄沟的水分分布相似，水分向沟内集中，沟中土壤水分含量显著高于同一土层深度处垄中土壤含水量，且与盖膜垄沟处理下沟中土壤水分含量无显著差异，在集水和聚水方面表现出和膜垄的相似性。因此，在以集雨农业为主的半干旱地区，成垄压实可以替代盖膜垄沟，有效地富集和储存雨水资源于沟中，供作物吸收利用。     

成垄压实耕作施肥机械的改进设计(简报)

基于土壤大孔隙流理论、垄沟微型集雨理论和阻水层理论提出的成垄压实耕作施肥方法,能够有效地达到集雨保肥的作用,而推行该耕作措施的关键是加强其配套农机具的研制.在国外相关研究的基础上改进设计了成垄压实耕作施肥机械.该设计合理.一机多用.具有结构紧凑、调整方便等特点.采用改进后的平底箭铲式施肥开沟器能够阻断土壤中大孔隙流的连续性,在垄底形成一致密的施肥带,减少了氮肥在土壤中随大孔隙流的淋溶迁移.利用单圆盘起垄覆盖施肥带,并采用仿垄形加压式镇压器对垄面进行镇压,通过改变弹力来实现镇压力的调整,形成不同紧实度的水分运动障碍层.达到集雨保肥的作用.     

振动频率对压实黄土动强度特性的影响

利用动扭剪三轴仪对压实黄土进行了不同振动频率下的试验研究,分析了振动频率f对压实黄土的动强度和动强度参数的影响规律.研究表明,在一定围压下,压实黄土动强度均随振动频率f的升高而增大,与振动频率呈正相关关系;在试样振动频率确定的情况下,压实黄土的动强度随围压的增加而增大;压实黄土的动黏聚力cd和动内摩擦角ψd均随着频率的增大而升高;动强度参数中cd和ψd随振次的增加均呈减小并最终趋于稳定的趋势.     

Identifying the position of the compacted layer by measuring soil penetration resistance in a dryland farming region in Northeast China

Topsoil is disturbed by ploughing, the effects of infiltration, the movement of fine particles from the topsoil to the subsoil, and direct pressure from agriculture machinery, all creating an abrupt delineation in the form of a compacted layer with very low permeability. Spatial variability of soil properties, such as soil structure and penetration resistance (PR), can help identify the compacted layer. However, there are no quantitative methods to describe this layer. In this study, PR was used to survey different soil types. A Mann–Kendall (M-K) test of PR data was used to identify the presence and position of the compacted layer in a dryland farming region of Northeast China. Our results demonstrated that PR was mainly affected by bulk density and soil water content. Compared with the topsoil, PR was more significantly affected by water content in deeper soil layers. An M-K test of the PR curve can provide a more reliable and objective assessment of the thickness of the plough layer and location of the compacted layer than field observation. Our data indicated that there was a compacted layer in the soil profile in the study areas and the spatial variability of the compacted layer was heterogeneous. The plough layer was shallow, and the compacted layer was thicker in areas with frequent use of agricultural machinery. Moreover, frequent use of agricultural machinery resulted in a PR of the plough and compacted layers that was greater than that in other areas. Information on identifying the position and thickness of the compacted layer and the factors influencing their spatial distribution can be used to create effective soil management options and improve conditions for the development of plant roots in dryland farming regions.