壳聚糖-丁香复合液对牛肉丸的保鲜效果

以样品茵落总数、TVB-N值、pH及感官评分的隶属函数值为主要指标,以壳聚糖液处理和丁香提取液处理为对照组,探讨单一的壳聚糖液和丁香提取液以及壳聚糖-丁香复合液对牛肉丸的保鲜效果.结果表明,壳聚糖-丁香复合液的保鲜效果明显优于单一的壳聚糖液和丁香提取液处理,可使牛肉丸在4℃的贮藏期达到15d左右,相比单一的壳聚糖液和丁香提取液处理组可延长保质期3～6 d.     

The forest garden system of Saparua island Central Maluku, Indonesia, and its role in maintaining tree species diversity

The dusuns of Central Maluku which improve fallows by planting spice trees such as clove (Syzygium aromaticum syn. Eugenia aromatica), nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), or coconut (Cocos nucifera) and tending spontaneous regeneration, are an example of a species-rich forest garden system in the eastern hemisphere of the Indonesian archipelago. In this paper we report the influence of site conditions, as slope inclination, soil type, and soil depth, on species composition, tree species diversity, and stand structure in old dusuns in four villages on Saparua, a small island south of Seram. In addition, we compared the floristic composition and stand structure of old dusuns with those of primary forest and advanced fallow vegetation (∼15-yr old). Soil conditions, particularly the depth of the mineral soil layer, and the relief have a major influence on species selection in dusuns. The most common species in old dusuns were absent both in primary forest and forest fallow. Floristic similarity between old dusuns and the unmanaged stands was low. However, in two study villages species richness of old dusuns was similar to that of the primary forest. Old dusuns showed an open structure with an average reduction of basal area by about half compared to the primary forest. Less than half of all individuals found above 10 cm DBH in old dusuns were planted. Only very few species were exclusively planted. Most species were both planted and emerged from spontaneous regeneration. The results indicate the important role of spontaneous regeneration in this forest garden system. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Procedure for artificial cross pollination in clove (Syzygium aromaticum)

Summary A technique for artificial cross pollination in clove is described. This involves emasculating flowers two days before anthesis, and pollinating four days later. Following this procedure a seed set of approximately 25% can be expected.     

蒜种贮藏温度和空气湿度对大蒜生理及二次生长的影响

贮藏期间蒜种呼吸增强,乙烯含量降低,低温贮藏促进这些变化;随空气湿度增大,蒜种呼吸及含水量有增加趋势。鳞茎形成过程中鳞茎中游离氨基酸减少,蔗糖和果糖增加,低温贮藏蒜种加快了这一进程。贮藏温度效应大于湿度效应,低温(5℃)和高湿(75％或100％RH)贮藏蒜种对初级生长及二次生长促进最显著。贮藏温度越低,外层型二次生长(SGo)越严重;内层型二次生长(SGi)与蒜种贮藏温度呈‘V’型曲线关系。低温下,高湿贮藏蒜种较低湿(25％或50％RH)贮藏蒜种SGo及SGi均极显著增加。     

几种中药材对抗同贮对赤拟谷盗的影响

对丁香、吴茱萸、花椒单独和分别与千年健混和（1：1）对赤拟谷盗成虫的死亡率及混和物对虫体内可溶性蛋白质的影响进行了研究。结果表明：①丁香、吴茱萸单独防虫的效果优于与千年健的混和物，并且丁香的防虫效果更好，在第5d，成虫死亡率为100％，而花椒与千年健的混合物对赤拟谷盗的防虫效果高于花椒单独使用。②拟谷盗成虫在混和物中死亡率由高到低为：丁香与千年健的混和物＞花椒与千年健的混合物＞吴茱萸与千年健的混合物＞千年健。虫体内的可溶性蛋白质含量由高到低为：吴茱萸与千年健的混和物＞花椒与千年健的混和物＞丁香与千年健的混和物＞千年健，说明赤拟谷盗成虫体内的可溶性蛋白质含量与其死亡率之间不存在的相关关系。在中药材的养护中，可考虑采用花椒与千年健共贮、丁香、吴茱萸来防治赤拟谷盗。     

Structure–activity relationships of eugenol derivatives against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae

BACKGROUND: Dengue fever is a severe public health problem for several countries. In order to find effective larvicides to aid control programs, the structure‐activity relationships of eugenol derivatives against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae were evaluated. Additionally, the composition and larvicidal activity of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil was assessed. RESULTS: Four compounds representing 99.05% of S. aromaticum essential oil have been identified. The essential oil was active against Ae. aegypti larvae (LC₅₀ = 62.3 and 77.0 ppm, field‐collected and Rockefeller larvae respectively). The larvicidal activity of eugenol, the major compound of the essential oil, was further evaluated (LC₅₀ = 93.3 and 71.9 ppm, field‐collected and Rockefeller larvae respectively). The larvicidal activity and structure‐activity relationships of synthetic derivatives of eugenol were also assessed. The larvicidal activity of the derivatives varied between 62.3 and 1614.9 ppm. Oxidation of eugenol allylic bond to a primary alcohol and removal of the phenolic proton resulted in decreased potency. However, oxidation of the same double bond in 1‐benzoate‐2‐methoxy‐4‐(2‐propen‐1‐yl)‐phenol resulted in increased potency. CONCLUSION: Structural characteristics were identified that may contribute to the understanding of the larvicidal activity of phenylpropanoids. The present approach may help future work in the search for larvicidal compounds. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

The effect of three anaesthetic protocols on the stress response in cane toads (Rhinella marina)

ObjectiveThree anaesthetics (MS222, clove oil and a mixture of ketamine/diazepam) were administered to cane toads to determine their effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Time to induction and recovery and any adverse events were also evaluated.Study designProspective randomized experimental trial.AnimalsThirty adult male cane toads (Rhinella marina) with body mass ranging between 130 and 250 g were captured from the field.MethodsThree groups of 10 toads were anaesthetized with ketamine (200 mg kg^?1) and diazepam (0.2 mg kg^?1) by intramuscular injection, MS222 (3 g L^?1) or clove-oil (0.3 mL L^?1) both by immersion. Blood samples were collected to determine plasma corticosterone concentrations. Induction and recovery time were recorded in each treatment. After full recovery animals were euthanized and a complete post-mortem examination was performed.ResultsSignificant differences were found in the activation of the HPA axis and in the times of induction and recovery between treatments (p < 0.001). Animals anaesthetized with clove-oil had the highest levels of corticosterone in plasma (42.5 ± 21.6 ng mL^?1). No differences were found between ketamine/diazepam (15.0 ± 13.3 ng mL^?1) and MS222 (22.0 ± 13.6 ng mL^?1) groups. The mean ± SD induction (minutes) and recovery (hours) times respectively were; ketamine/diazepam 66.5 ± 11 and 8 ± 3, clove oil 39 ± 12 and 7.6 ± 3, and MS222 42.5 ± 11 and 1.5 ± 0.5. Clove oil exposure had 30% mortality. Death followed a period of respiratory distress with changes consistent with non-cardiogenic oedema observed at post-mortem examination.Conclusions and Clinical relevanceBased on shorter induction and recovery times and minimal activation of HPA, MS222 is the anaesthetic of choice in cane toads. If it is not possible to use immersion methods of anaesthesia, ketamine/diazepam can be used but induction and recovery times are prolonged. Clove oil had unacceptable mortality in this study and should be used with extreme caution.     

Simultaneous effect of sex and dose on efficacy of clove oil,tricaine methanesulfonate, 2‐phenoxyethanol and propofol as anaesthetics in guppies,Poecilia reticulata (Peters)

We studied the simultaneous effect of sex and dose on anaesthesia efficacy to estimate, if possible, the lowest effective dose (LED) for clove oil, tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222), 2‐phenoxyethanol (2‐PE) and propofol in mature guppies. LED is the lowest dose needed to reach A5 stage in a mean time of 3 min, with mean recovery (R5) time of 5 min. We used four doses/anaesthetic: 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/L for clove oil; 120,140,160 and 180 mg/L for MS‐222; 800, 1,000, 1,200 and 1,400 mg/L for 2‐PE, and 7.50, 8.25, 10.00 and 11.25 mg/L for propofol. Each dose was tested on 10 females and 10 males. Morbidity, mortality and behavioural changes were checked on two control groups (10 males and 10 females/group). Sedation (A3), A5 and R5 times were recorded. Significant interactive effect dose*sex on A5 time was found for each anaesthetic agent (p_dose*sex < .05). Except for MS‐222 (p_dose*sex = .284), significant interactive effect dose * sex on R5 time was found (p_dose*sex < .05). A5 time in females tended to be greater than in males, but, in general, R5 times were longer in males. Body size differences between males and females could explain these differences in MS‐222 on A5 time and for clove oil, 2‐PE and propofol on R5 time. No dose simultaneous meet LED′s conditions relating to both A5 and R5 times; therefore the lowest doses inducing A5 in a mean time of 3 min could be a safe guideline for anaesthetic procedure in both male and females.     

Comparison of the effects of six stunning/killing procedures on flesh quality of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax,Linnaeus 1758) and evaluation of clove oil anaesthesia followed by chilling on ice/water slurry for potential implementation in aquaculture

The effects of different stunning/killing procedures on flesh quality of European sea bass were investigated: (1) anaesthesia with clove oil, (2) anaesthesia with 2‐phenoxyethanol, (3) percussive stunning, (4) immersion in ice/water slurry, (5) chilling on ice and (6) anaesthesia with clove oil followed by immersion in ice/water slurry. Muscle pH values were significantly lower in sea bass anaesthetized or stunned by a blow to the head compared with fish immersed in ice/water slurry, chilled on ice or immersed in ice/water slurry after clove oil anaesthesia. Lightness was highest in sea bass anaesthetized by 2‐phenoxyethanol or percussively stunned and lowest in ice‐chilled fish. Redness and yellowness were highest in fish chilled on ice and lowest in fish anaesthetized with clove oil. Liquid loss, fat loss and shear values were not significantly different among the procedures. In general, lipid oxidation values during refrigerated or frozen storage did not significantly differ among treatment groups. Combination of clove oil anaesthesia followed by chilling on ice/water slurry appears to improve both flesh quality and welfare of sea bass, although the implementation of further studies is warranted to consolidate this finding.     

Anaesthetic efficacy of clove oil,benzocaine, 2‐phenoxyethanol and tricaine methanesulfonate in juvenile marbled spinefoot (Siganus rivulatus)

Anaesthetics are used in aquaculture and fisheries to facilitate routine procedures, such as capture, handling, transportation, tagging, grading and measurements that can often cause injury or induce physiological stress. Two experiments were performed to assess the efficacies of four anaesthetic agents, clove oil, benzocaine, 2‐phenoxyethanol and MS‐222 on juvenile marbled spinefoot rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus). In the first experiment we tested the lowest effective doses that produced induction and recovery times in 3 min or less and 5 min or less respectively. Dosages were 70 mg L^?1 for clove oil, 60–70 mg L^?1 for benzocaine, 400 μL L^?1 for 2‐phenoxyethanol and 100–125 mg L^?1 for MS‐222. In the second experiment, we determined optimal concentrations of the four anaesthetics if they were to be used to transport rabbitfish fry. Anaesthetic concentrations suitable for handling and transport were: 10–15 mg L^?1 of MS‐222, 5–10 mg L^?1 of benzocaine, 5 mg L^?1 of clove oil and 50–100 μL L^?1 of 2‐phenoxyethanol. All anaesthetic agents are acceptable for use on S. rivulatus, however, 2‐phenoxyethanol, MS‐222 and clove oil appear to be more suitable than benzocaine. Further studies need to be conducted on effects of high and low doses of anaesthetic agents on physiology of marbled spinefoot.