Case of suspected theobromine poisoning in dairy cattle

High-yielding dairy cows collapsed and died displaying signs of a disturbed central nervous system (muscle tremor, convulsion) and a considerably reduced body condition score. An intense diagnostic screening did not allow to confirm a definite diagnosis. Therefore, further analyses including an evaluation of feeds and feeding were initiated. The herd was fed a total mixed ration (TMR) based on corn and grass silage of moderate nutritive value supplemented with various amounts of chocolate chips. In retrospect, the amount of chocolate chips added to the respective TMR batches could not be quantified. These chips were purchased from a company producing bakery and chocolate products for human consumption and added to the silage and therefore to the TMR in order to increase the energy intake of the animals. Because the TMR, which was fed during the time of the incidence, was no longer available, a sample of a later batch of silage was examined. The amount of chocolate chips was quantified (0.44% per fresh matter), and a theobromine analysis was performed in the chocolate chips of the available batch (69.7 mg/100 g fresh matter). Because of the possible link between chocolate intake and observed signs, an immediate cessation of using the chocolate chips was recommended in addition to an optimisation of the TMR, that is an increase of the energy density. Even though the theobromine intake during the time of the incidence is unknown and information about toxicity of theobromine in ruminants is limited, we suspect that the feeding of chocolate in this case caused all signs including the sudden death of the cows. Further reasons are that no differential diagnoses were established and the problems at the farm stopped after removing the chocolate from the TMR.     

温度和湿度对伴性赤蚁sch系统致死性的影响

为进一步探讨家蚕伴性赤蚁(sch)致死的机理,比较了不同温度、湿度催青条件下,sch系统及其杂交F_1代和对照种黑蚁系统的孵化率、失水率、含水率、失水临界温度等。结果表明:伴性赤蚁sch系统在已_3至已_4期对温湿度敏感,受到高温和干燥的冲击,将获得“孵化不能”性状;温度、湿度因子对赤蚁sch孵化抑制均有较大的独立作用,sch表现出一定的“温度敏感性”和“湿度敏感性”;温度、湿度都能通过影响胚胎体内水分平衡失调而引起这种孵化不能;在不引起水分变化的情况下,温度还存在一条独立的抑制赤蚁孵化的途径。     

sch蚕胚胎期温敏性的mRNA差异显示研究

采用mRNA差异显示技术对不同催青处理的伴性赤蚁sch系统进行研究 ,并以普通黑蚁系统夏芳作为对照。实验中分别抽提高温和常温催青处理 36h后的sch蚕卵和夏芳蚕卵的总RNA进行DDRT -PCR分析 ,其产物于变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上电泳展示 ,得到大量的差示片段。对高温催青处理后在夏sch蚕卵中特异表达的 2条能稳定重复的带进行了克隆 ,得到了长度分别为 2 73和 199bp的cDNA片段 ,并对其进行了序列分析。Northern杂交证实HAP82 80仅在高温催青处理的夏sch蚕卵中有转录 ,表明其为sch蚕卵经高温催青处理后特异表达的产物     

Evaluation of a collection of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes originating from the Maghreb for resistance to chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) by assessment in the field and laboratory

Screening of 136 faba bean lines forresistance to chocolate spot caused by thefungus Botrytis fabae was conductedin field conditions with artificialinoculation. Detached leaves of thesegenotypes were also assessed for diseaseseverity after inoculation under controlledconditions with a B. fabaesuspension. The BPL710 and Aguadulcegenotypes were inserted as resistant andsusceptible checks, respectively. Diseasesymptoms were scored visually in bothexperiments. Diameter of lesions andproduction of spores were measured in thedetached leaf assay. The disease scoreindex and diameter of lesions were used tocalculate the area under the diseaseprogress curve (AUDPC) to measure thedisease progress. Significant differenceswere detected among genotypes for reactionto the disease in the field. However, nocomplete resistance was observed. Forhighly susceptible and highly resistantgenotypes, the laboratory assay generallyled to the same result as the field test,nevertheless, for more intermediate levelsthe agreement was weak. On detached leaves,diameter of lesions was significantlycorrelated to the AUDPC of disease scores(r = 0.89) and moderately correlated tosporulation (r = 0.52). The correlationbetween field AUDPC and detached leaf AUDPCof disease scores was low (r = 0.26). A lowcorrelation was also observed between fieldAUDPC and lesion size (r = 0.30) andbetween field AUDPC and sporulation (r =0.32). Among the 136 genotypes evaluated inthis study, nine were convincingly andhighly resistant in both tests. FRYM167 andFRYA58 genotypes were the most resistantwith low AUDPC of disease scores, low AUDPCof lesion diameter and low sporeproduction. These genotypes obviously havepartial resistance.     

家蚕显性赤蚁(Ia)的RAPD分析

家蚕赤蚁突变基因作为标志基因在遗传分析、连锁检索和基因定位研究中发挥了重要的作用。用家蚕显性赤蚁Ia品种(09-041)与非显性赤蚁品种(08-101)杂交,经F1自交,取F2代的显性赤蚁与非赤蚁个体为材料,采取混合样品分析法进行RAPD多态性分析．通过250个RAPD随机引物,分别在显性赤蚁与非显性赤蚁中获得扩增带1089条和1083条,共有220个引物在2个材料中有扩增片段,其中有8个引物在显性赤蚁中扩增出多态性特异带,有2个引物在非显性赤蚁中扩增出多态性特异带,有30个引物在2个材料中无扩增产物。实验初步获得8个与家蚕显性赤蚁基因可能连锁的RAPD分子标记,为进一步的Ia基因定位、克隆及遗传分析等工作奠定了一定的基础。     

几种生物农药对青海蚕豆主要病虫害的防治效果

为建立蚕豆病虫害全程生物防控技术,以推动青海有机蚕豆生产,本研究以9种生物农药为供试药剂,针对苜蓿蚜、蚕豆赤斑病及枯萎病,开展了较为系统的室内生物活性测定和田间药效试验。室内生测试验表明,0.3%苦参碱水剂等4种生物农药均对苜蓿蚜有良好的毒杀作用,其中0.3%苦参碱水剂的毒力最强,其24h和48h的LC₅₀分别为7.33mg/L和5.66mg/L;田间防效试验表明,0.3%苦参碱水剂和0.5%藜芦碱可溶性液剂对苜蓿蚜的防效显著,500倍药液药后7d防效达76.00%～83.00%;10%小檗碱可湿性粉剂和枯草芽胞杆菌（1000亿芽胞/g）可湿性粉剂混用对蚕豆赤斑病的防效有增效作用,制剂用量为500.0g/hm²时,药后14d防效为73.98%～77.79%;多粘类芽胞杆菌（10亿CFU/g）可湿性粉剂和哈茨木霉（≥2亿活孢子/g）可湿性粉剂对蚕豆枯萎病的防效高于另两种生物农药,药后14d防效分别为74.23%和71.01%。综上所述,0.3%苦参碱水剂、0.5%藜芦碱可溶性液剂、10%小檗碱可湿性粉剂、枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂、多粘类芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂和哈茨木霉可湿性粉剂对蚕豆3种主要病虫害防效优良,据此可进一步建立蚕豆病虫害全程生物防控技术用于青海蚕豆的有机绿色安全生产。     

竹荪巧克力冰淇淋的制作

将新鲜的竹荪经加水提取所得的竹荪汁或将新鲜竹荪经过磨浆均质后得到的竹荪浆,配以一定比例的巧克力,加入到冰淇淋配料中,得到营养价值高、风味独特的竹荪巧克力冰淇淋。结果表明,采用竹荪浆配制冰淇淋的效果好于采用竹荪汁配制的冰淇淋。同时,对竹荪汁、竹荪浆及竹荪巧克力冰淇淋制作的工艺流程及操作要点作了较为详细的介绍。     

8种杀菌剂对春蚕豆赤斑病的防治效果

蚕豆赤斑病是甘肃临夏州春蚕豆生产中的主要真菌病害,该病害的发生流行直接导致蚕豆产量下降、商品性降低,严重时可使蚕豆绝收。采用单因子试验设计,对25%咪鲜胺乳油、微生物制剂(全关)粉剂、30%甲霜·噁霉灵乳油、80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂、12.5%氟环唑悬浮剂、60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂、50%异菌脲可湿性粉剂和50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂等8种杀菌剂对春蚕豆赤斑病的防治效果进行研究。结果表明,60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂在3次药后7、14、21 d的平均防效为81.44%、90.41%、86.85%,并能增加蚕豆产量、种子百粒重,可在甘肃省春蚕豆种植地区推广应用。     

低糖保健咖啡风味巧克力的开发与研究

以可可液块、咖啡、黑豆、黑芝麻等为主要原料,研究了咖啡风味巧克力的主要配方,确定咖啡风味巧克力的最佳配方为:可可液块∶蔗糖∶咖啡∶黑豆∶黑芝麻∶可可脂∶乳粉=50∶25∶4∶2∶4∶20∶20,香兰素和大豆磷脂的添加量保持恒定比例为0.01%和0.4%,制备出色、香、味俱佳,并且有丰富保健功能的的风味巧克力,此种巧克力在常温下保存质量稳定。     

巧克力的艺术韵味

巧克力越来越受到消费者的青睐,尤其是节日时便成了宠儿。究其原因在于巧克力的艺术韵味。多姿多彩的表现形式彰显了巧克力的艺术。巧克力艺术的内涵赋予了它灵魂,成为人们交流情感的载体,平淡生活的调味剂。复杂的制作过程,人们对其艺术内涵的追逐抬高了巧克力的身价。