In situ radiometric mapping of soil erosion and field-moist bulk density on cultivated fields

Abstract. Recent developments in in situγ ray spectrometry offer a new approach to measuring the activity of radionuclides such as ¹³⁷Cs and ⁴⁰K in soils, and thus estimating erosion or deposition rates and field moist bulk density (ρ_m). Such estimates would be rapid and involve minimal site disturbance, especially important where archaeological remains are present. This paper presents the results of a pilot investigation of an eroded field in Scotland in which a portable hyper pure germanium (HPGe) detector was used to measure γ ray spectra in situ. The gamma (γ) photon flux observed at the soil surface is a function of the ¹³⁷Cs inventory, its depth distribution characteristics and ρ_m. A coefficient, Q_Cs, derived from the forward scattering of ¹³⁷Cs γ ray photons within the soil profile relative to the ¹³⁷Cs full energy peak (662 keV), was used to correct the in situ calibration for changes in the ¹³⁷Cs vertical distribution in the ploughed field, a function of tillage, soil accumulation and ρ_m. Based on only 8 measurements, the agreement between in situγ ray spectrometry and soil sample measurements of ¹³⁷Cs inventories improved from a non significant r²=0.05 to a significant r²=0.62 (P<0.05). Erosion and deposition rates calculated from the corrected in situ¹³⁷Cs measurements had a similarly good agreement with those calculated from soil cores. Mean soil bulk density was also calculated using a separate coefficient, Q_K, derived from the forward scattering γ photons from ⁴⁰K within the soil relative to the ⁴⁰K full energy peak (1460 keV). Again there was good agreement with soil core measurements (r²=0.64; P<0.05). The precision of the in situ¹³⁷Cs measurement was limited by the precision with which Q_Cs can be estimated, a function of the low ¹³⁷Cs deposition levels associated with the weapons testing fallout and relatively low detector efficiency (35%). In contrast, the precision of the in situ ρ_m determination was only limited by the spatial variability associated with soil sampling.     

不同耕作方式对黄土高原旱地麦田土壤物理性状的影响

通过冬小麦田间试验,研究了免耕、深松、翻耕三种不同耕作措施对土壤物理特性的影响.结果表明:冬小麦收获时,免耕与其它处理相比,增大了土壤容重、土壤硬度,其土壤干筛法＞0.25 mm团聚体含量比深松和翻耕每层平均增加3%和5%,但较冬小麦耕作处理前每层平均下降5%;免耕条件下,湿筛法＞0.25 mm团聚体含量比深松和翻耕每层平均增加11%和32%,较冬小麦耕作处理前每层平均下降42%;免耕可增加土壤蓄水量,收获期土壤蓄水量为373.1 mm,较深松和翻耕提高17%和8%;随着降水量的增加,冬小麦收获期水分入渗速率逐渐减少;且不同耕作方式水分入渗速率为免耕>深松>翻耕.     

保护性耕作对贫瘠型黑土区土壤理化特性的影响

以贫瘠型黑土区土壤为供试对象,对2种保护性耕作措施（模式1为秋季深松、平播＋秸秆还田;模式2为秋季深松起垄＋根茬还田）下土壤的理化特性进行研究。结果表明：2种保护性措施可以增加土壤有机质含量,提高土壤pH,其中秸秆还田措施效果最明显;对土壤不同速效养分含量影响不同;对土壤物理性质的影响主要表现为降低土壤容重和增加土壤田间持水量。不同的保护性耕作措施对于提高土壤肥力、改善土壤物理特性起到重要作用。     

水分胁迫与小麦产量性状及籽粒容重的关联度研究

本研究利用相关性分析及灰色关联度分析法,对10个小麦新品种的产量、容重等7个主要性状进行了分析,结果表明：相关性分析结果显示小麦产量性状及容重受水分的影响不同的性状表现不同幅度的减小,灰色关联度结果表明水旱地条件下各性状对单株产量及容重的关联度大小并不一致,各性状对单株产量及容重的关联度大小不同。在沧州地区选择小麦品种时品种的分蘖力和成穗率是首要考虑的条件,穗粒数也要兼顾考虑,小麦籽粒产量及小麦籽粒容重是比较复杂的综合性状,由许多因素相互结合、互相作用。因此,应用灰色关联度分析方法评价性状间的影响程度是客观可行的,可用于今后的育种实践中。     

Biochar has little effect on soil dissolved organic carbon pool 5 years after biochar application under field condition

Biochar application can improve soil properties, such as increasing soil organic carbon content, soil pH and water content. These properties are important to soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC); however, the effects of biochar on DOC concentration and composition have received little research attention, especially several years after biochar application under field conditions. This study was conducted in a long‐term experimental field where the biochar was only applied once in 2009. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of different biochar application rates (0, 30, 60 and 90 t ha^?1) on the dynamics of soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC compositions (reducing sugar, soluble phenol and aromatics) over nine samplings during a 12‐month period in 2014. Our results showed that soil water content and DOC concentration varied from 7.1% to 14.5% and 59 to 230 mg C kg^?1 soil during the 12 months, respectively. However, the biochar application rates did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC composition at the same sampling period. The DOC concentration across the biochar treatments was positively correlated to soil water content. Moreover, the DOC composition (reducing sugar, soluble phenol or aromatics) and their concentrations were positively correlated to the total DOC concentration. In addition, biochar did not affect soil bulk density, pH, saturated hydraulic conductivity and crop yields. The results indicated that some benefits of biochar to soil may not persist 5 years after the application of biochar under a field condition.     

密集烤房不同循环风机烘烤烟叶的色素降解及感官质量

采用三速和单速循环风机,研究密集烤房不同循环风机对烤烟色素及感官质量的影响.结果表明:采用三速循环风机烤后烟叶的叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量分别为5.10、167.74 μg/g,分别为单速循环风机的72.11％和93.30％;叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素、类胡萝卜素含量分别为0.84、155.56、156.40 μg/g,分别为单...     

生物多样性与地形及土壤因素对坡面产流产沙的耦合影响

生物多样性关系到生态系统的功能,而坡度和土壤因素是影响坡面产流产沙的重要因子。本研究基于黄土丘陵区生物多样性,并引入坡度、降雨前土壤含水量和土壤容重,探究其与坡面产流产沙总量的耦合关系。通过野外人工降雨试验,记录草本、灌木和乔木群落下的产流时间和产流产沙总量,并开展土壤植被调查。结果表明,与草本和乔木群落相比,灌木群落在延长产流开始时间和降低产沙总量上表现更优;植被群落功能离散度指数(FDiv)对产沙总量影响最大,Simpson指数(D)对产流总量影响最大,坡度仍然是不可忽视的第二重要影响因素;产流总量与坡度、土壤容重、D和功能丰富度指数(FRic)的回归关系优于产流总量分别与其的回归关系;产沙总量与坡度和FDiv指数的回归关系优于产沙总量分别与其的回归关系。植被保护与坡度改善将是该区水土保持规划工作的重点。     

有机肥配施对中国农田土壤容重影响的整合分析

有机肥配施是我国化肥减施的重要手段之一,探究化学氮肥减施并配施有机肥对不同土壤利用类型、土壤质地及有机肥类型下土壤容重的影响程度,对于深刻认识农田土壤物理状况具有重要意义。本研究通过整合2000年1月1日至2020年5月31日期间已公开发表的文献数据,建立了包含320组相对独立数据的数据库。利用Meta-analysis定量分析不同土壤利用类型、土壤质地、有机肥类型、有机肥施用量、施用频次和施用年限等分类条件下化学氮肥减施并配施有机肥对土壤容重的影响。结果表明,与常规化学氮肥施用相比,配施有机肥显著降低了土壤容重,平均降幅为4.53%。不同土壤利用类型下,有机肥配施显著降低了果园土壤容重,降幅为9.06%,显著高于水田（3.72%）和旱地（5.25%）土壤容重的降幅。不同土壤质地下,有机肥配施使砂土土壤容重下降6.96%,显著高于壤土和黏土容重的降幅。不同有机肥类型之间,生物肥料对土壤容重的影响最大,土壤容重降幅为5.70%,生物炭的影响次之,其土壤容重的降幅为5.21%,二者对土壤容重的影响显著大于动物粪肥和作物秸秆（土壤容重降幅分别为3.67%和2.30%）。此外,土壤容重的下降幅度随有机肥施用量和施用年限、施用频次的增加而呈现增大趋势。本研究为评估我国化学氮肥减施对土壤容重的影响提供了数据基础。     

北京地区重要古树土壤物理性状分析

以北京地区的代表性古树白皮松、侧柏、油松和国槐为研究对象,采用环刀法和烘干法对其土壤物理性质进行了测定,分析了不同类型古树土壤物理特性状况,为古树种的健康生长评价提供有效依据,并在一定程度上指导古树的复壮技术等。结果表明：（1）土壤含水量均值为10.6%,4种古树的土壤含水量均值表现为白皮松〉油松〉国槐〉侧柏;（2）土壤容重均值为1.20g/cm3,4种古树之间的差异不显著;（3）土壤的总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度的均值分别为20.7%,11.8%,9.0%,4种古树差异不显著,土壤通透性均不良。（4）土壤紧实度均值为2.19kg/m2,地域性差异显著。通过本文研究,可初步判断这4种古树的土壤物理条件并不是最适合植物生长的状态。     

土壤容重对玉米光合特性的影响及调控研究

以耕地棕壤为试验材料,采用盆栽方法,研究不同土壤容重对玉米光合指标(光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度)及叶绿素(a、b)的影响,并进一步研究了施用不同有机肥量及模拟不同耕作深度对玉米光合指标的调控效果。结果表明:不同容重处理之间对玉米叶绿素含量的影响拔节期前差异不显著,拔节期后达极显著差异(p<0.01),叶绿素含量在研究的生育期内始终增长。光合速率与容重、胞间二氧化碳浓度呈负相关,与气孔导度呈正相关。高容重土壤有机质调节至40～50 g kg-1即可以获得比较理想的效果;低容重的土壤有机质在研究含量范围内效果始终显著增长,有机质含量在15 g kg-1左右制约玉米生长,有机质含量应至少调节至3%以上。耕层厚度增加能提高所测定生理指标,但耕层厚度处理对叶绿素、光合指标影响不显著,当耕层厚度调节至30～40 cm时,各项指标增加基本达到限值,再增加耕层厚度作用不再明显。