Extensional rheological properties in mixed and fermented/rested dough and relationships with steamed bread quality

In this study, sixteen wheat varieties for cultivation in China were examined for the flour characteristics using the farinograph, extensograph and rheofermentometer, uniaxial extensional rheology employing the extensograph and the Kieffer extensibility rig and biaxial extension by uniaxial compression of mixed dough with and without yeast, rested and fermented dough, and steamed bread quality including specific volume and texture properties. Three statistical analysis methods including Pearson correlation, principle component and stepwise multiple regression analysis were carried out to correlate dough properties with steamed bread quality. Biaxial extension viscosity was positively correlated with texture properties (hardness and chewiness) of steamed bread (r = 0.521–0.685, p < 0.05). Based on the correlation coefficients and the model (r² = 0.852, p = 0.003) obtained using stepwise multiple regression analysis, the best predictors for specific volume of steamed bread were the maximum resistance to extension of rested dough (r = 0.664, p < 0.01) and total work for breakage of fermented dough (r = 0.662, p < 0.01). Principal component analysis of rheological properties of fermented dough and flour characteristics provided more useful information for discriminating wheat flour quality and help breeders to select most convenient wheat flour for the steamed bread making.     

Optimization of Bread Preparation from Wheat Flour and Malted Rice Flour

The feasibility of partially replacing wheat flour with malted rice flour in bread making was evaluated in several formulations, aiming to find a formulation for the production of malted rice-wheat bread with better nutritional quality and consumer acceptance. The whole grains of a local rice variety (Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica var. Mottaikaruppan) were steeped in distilled water (12 h, 30°C) and germinated for 3 days to obtain high content of soluble materials and amylase activity in bread making. The quality of bread was evaluated by considering the physical and sensorial parameters. When the wheat flour was substituted with malted rice flour, 35% substitution level and the malted rice flour from 3 days of germination was the best according to the physical and sensory qualities of bread. The quality of bread was improved by the addition of 20 g of margarine, 20 g of baking powder and 20 g of yeast in 1 kg of flour. Among different ratios of yeast and baking powder, 2:1 was the best. Bread improver containing amylases and oxidizing agents at the concentration of 40 g/kg was selected as the best concentration. When comparing the final formulation made in the bakery with wheat bread, malted rice-wheat bread contains more soluble dietary fiber (0.62%), insoluble dietary fiber (3.95%), total dietary fiber (4.57%) and free amino acid content (0.64 g/kg) than those in wheat bread (0.5%, 2.73%, 3.23% and 0.36 g/kg, respectively).     

燕麦混粉馒头加工品质特性评价

在传统的馒头加工过程中,添加一定比例的燕麦粉,研究其对馒头感官品质和质构的影响。结果表明,在小麦粉中添加适量的燕麦粉,加工出的馒头在结构、色泽、韧性等感官特性方面都有改善,馒头的硬度、咀嚼性、黏聚性等物性参数得到改变。当燕麦粉添加量为25%时,不仅馒头感官评价得分最高,而且营养价值也得到极大提高。因此,建议在馒头加工中添加25%的燕麦粉为宜。     

微晶化豆渣膳食纤维在面包中的应用研究

试验选择微晶化的豆渣膳食纤维为原料,通过焙烤试验,对添加豆渣膳食纤维的面包品质进行比较分析,并通过添加适量的面筋粉改善豆渣膳食纤维面包品质。以感官评价为指标,通过正交试验,得出最佳的工艺条件和参数为:豆渣膳食纤维的添加比例6%,面筋粉比例5%,发酵时间45min,可以得到品质较好的高纤维面包。     

小麦主要品质性状影响面包烘烤的回归分析

以47个小麦品种为材料,测定其主要面粉理化指标、面团流变学指标和面包烘烤指标,通过相关性分析确定各品质指标间的相互关系,并进一步进行逐步回归分析确定对面包烘烤起主要作用的品质性状,以期为小麦品质育种、面包小麦品种品质指标的制定及加工原料的筛选提供参考依据。     

节水处理对新春9号面包小麦产量和品质的影响

研究了省去最后一水对新春9号产量和面包烘焙品质的影响,结果表明,省去最后一水使新春9号的产量和容重有所下降,但有利于抗倒伏、节水和基肥施硫酸钾有改善面包烘焙品质的趋势.     

膳食纤维杂粮面包的研制

本试验以绿豆皮粉、黄豆皮粉、红薯皮粉、高筋面粉为主要原料,采用二次发酵法研制膳食纤维杂粮面包,通过口感和外观考察了配方和烘培时间对其风味品质的影响。结果表明,对杂粮面包品质的影响因素依次为改良剂添加量>杂粮皮粉用量>烘焙时间>酵母添加量。通过单因素和正交试验得到杂粮面包的最佳配方为高筋粉50%、杂粮皮粉2.3%(绿豆皮粉:黄豆皮粉:红薯皮粉=3:2:5)、白糖13.1%、酵母0.4%、改良剂0.2%、奶粉0.3%、水21%、鸡蛋6.6%、盐0.5%和黄油5.2%,烘培20min得到的杂粮面包的风味品质最佳,形态丰满完整,色泽均匀,组织有弹性,具有发酵烘烤后特有的面包香味,松软可口。     

信阳绿茶主食面包的研制

将信阳毛尖绿茶研磨成粉添加到主食面包中制备信阳绿茶主食面包,研究不同绿茶粉添加量对主食面包比容、感官品质、水分含量及酸度的影响。结果表明,绿茶粉最佳添加量为面包粉质量的3%,此时得到的绿茶主食面包比容为5.75 m L/g,感官品质评分98分,水分含量32.7%,茶多酚含量0.386 g/100 g,酸度2.98°T;绿茶面包表皮完整且丰满,无焦斑,色泽均匀,稍有茶叶的黄绿色,组织紧密有弹性、耐咀嚼,有茶叶的清香,无茶苦味,且具有较好的营养保健功能,市场前景广阔。     

QTL Mapping for Dough Mixing Characteristics in a Recombinant Inbred Population Derived from a Waxy × Strong Gluten Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Protein and starch are the most important traits in determining processing quality in wheat. In order to understand the genetic basis of the influence of Waxy protein (Wx) and high molecular weight gluten subunit (HMW-GS) on processing quality, 256 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of waxy wheat Nuomai 1 and Gaocheng 8901 were used as mapping population. DArT (diversity arrays technology), SSR (simple sequence repeat), HMW-GS, and Wx markers were used to construct the molecular genetic linkage map. QTLs for mixing peak time (MPT), mixing peak value (MPV), mixing peak width (MPW), and mixing peak integral (MPI) of Mixograph parameters were evaluated in three different environments. The genetic map comprised 498 markers, including 479 DArT, 14 SSR, 2 HMW-GS, and 3 Wx protein markers, covering 4 229.7 cM with an average distance of 9.77 cM. These markers were identified on 21 chromosomes. Eighteen additive QTLs were detected in three different environments, which were distributed on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 1D, 4A, 6A, and 7D. QMPT-1D.1 and QMPT-1D.2 were close to the Glu-D1 marker accounting for 35.2, 22.22 and 36.57% of the phenotypic variance in three environments, respectively. QMPV-1D and QMPV-4A were detected in all environments, and QMPV-4A was the nearest to Wx-B1. One minor QTL, QMPI-1A, was detected under three environments with the genetic distances of 0.9 cM from the nearest marker Glu-A1, explaining from 5.31 to 6.67% of the phenotypic variance. Three pairs of epistatic QTLs were identified on chromosomes 2D and 4A. Therefore, this genetic map is very important and useful for quality trait related QTL mapping in wheat. In addition, the finding of several major QTLs, based on the genetic analyses, further suggested the importance of Glu-1 loci on dough mixing characteristics.     

小麦蛋白质和淀粉性状与面包品质关系研究进展

蛋白质和淀粉是影响面包品质的主要因素。蛋白质的含量和质量,直链淀粉、支链淀粉比例以及破损淀粉含量都对面粉烘培品质有重要影响。本文综述了国内外对蛋白质和淀粉特性与面包品质关系的研究进展,并指出了下一步研究的重点。