不同地域环境对枸杞蛋白质和药用氨基酸含量的影响

根据2000～2001年我国北方六省(区)多点枸杞采样资料和田间试验资料,利用K-均值聚类方法和非线性回归方法,对比分析了宁杞1号枸杞蛋白质和9种药用氨基酸含量的差异和特点,以及生态因子对它们的影响。分析结果表明,不同地域栽种的宁杞1号枸杞蛋白质和9种药用氨基酸含量的变异系数分别为16.58%和16.22%,除品种因子的决定作用以外,环境条件对枸杞蛋白质含量有一定作用,其中土壤水解氮含量对蛋白质和氨基酸合成有一定作用,二者呈对数关系。     

Effects of spent mushroom substrates and inorganic fertilizer on the characteristics of a calcareous clayey‐loam soil and lettuce production

We evaluated the effects of the addition of two types of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), SMS from an Agaricus bisporus crop (SMS1) and a mixture of SMSs from an A. bisporus crop and a Pleurotus crop (50% v/v each) (SMS2), on the characteristics of a calcareous clayey‐loam soil and the yield and nutritional status of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), relative to crops receiving mineral fertilizer (M) and a control (C) without amendment. The application of SMS, especially SMS1, improved soil fertility compared with C and M soils. Moreover, the use of these organic substrates as soil amendments did not harm the plants and gave yields similar to that obtained with mineral fertilizer. The nutritional contents of the lettuce plants were greater than or similar to those of the plants from treatment C or M, except for the plant tissue concentrations of K, Fe and Zn, which were significantly reduced by SMS application. However, this latter fact did not reduce the lettuce yield in the amended soils. Therefore, the use of SMSs as organic amendments contributes to residue utilization, in an environmentally friendly way, and to improved soil fertility and crop yield.     

土壤中缓效钾的批量快速测定

通过对NY/T 889—2004标准中前处理方法的改进,建立了批量、快速、准确测定的土壤中缓效钾的方法。以石墨消解代替油浴消煮测定标准土中的有效钾,以验证改进后方法的可行性。结果表明,改进后的方法一次可以测定36个样品,且3 min内沸腾时间对结果无显著影响。因此,改进后的方法操作简单、条件易控制、准确快速,能实现对土壤中缓效钾的批量、快速测定。     

不同施肥措施对灰枣园土壤速效养分含量的影响

为了探讨灰枣生长期内不同施肥处理措施对枣园土壤速效养分含量的影响情况,于2014年3月采用不施肥、常规施肥和施用不同种类生物肥共3大类9种处理进行田间试验,并于同年7~10月在灰枣不同生长期测定了各处理区域土壤中的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质这4种养分的含量,研究了不同施肥处理下灰枣不同成熟期土壤各养分的动态变化情况。结果表明,不同处理、不同成熟期土壤各养分含量间均有差异,施用生物肥可以显著提高土壤中各养分的含量。     

Soil available potassium affected by rice straw incorporation and potassium fertilizer application under a rice–oilseed rape rotation system

Data from 147 field trials were collected to study the influence of straw incorporation on soil potassium (K) under an intensive rice–oilseed rape rotation system, while pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of rice straw incorporation on soil K availability. A significant correlation was observed between the soil available K and the relative yield (RRY) and the relative K uptake (RKU) of oilseed rape, with R² values ranging from 0.07 to 0.08 and from 0.10 to 0.11, respectively, when data were fitted to a logarithmic equation model. In approximately 30% of trials, RRY reached 90%, while soil test available K values were below the critical limit, indicating that soil K values at the time of sampling (within 1 week of rice harvest) underestimated the actual soil K supply capacity. The pot experiment results showed that soil available K was affected by straw incorporation and soil type in the fallow period. The NH₄OAc‐K and NaBPh₄‐K concentrations of soils increased at first, and then, plateaued after 28 days. Straw incorporation significantly influenced the critical soil K concentration, which is important for making accurate K fertilizer recommendation. These results suggested that straw K should be seriously considered in making K fertilizer recommendations. Extending the sampling time from 1 to 3 weeks after the harvesting of rice to stabilize the effects of straw incorporation may help achieve a more accurate evaluation of soil available K.     

有机改良剂对温室土壤及番茄质量的影响

研究了优培-海藻生物有机肥(Y)、微生物菌肥(W)和腐植酸有机肥对日光温室土壤的理化性质、有效态微量元素含量、酶活性以及番茄品质等方面的影响,旨在探索快速、简易且廉价的土壤改良方法,为日光温室土壤改良及有机蔬菜生产提供理论依据。结果表明,不同土壤改良剂对土壤p H无显著影响,在番茄生育期内土壤p H值始终在7.0以上,没有出现酸化问题;拉秧后,除中量腐植酸有机肥(FM)外,其他各处理均能有效降低土壤EC值并达到极显著水平;各处理对提升有效态Mn、Zn和Fe含量的效果不显著,其中,仅高量腐植酸有机肥处理(FH)能同时提高开花结果盛期0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层的有效态Zn含量,与CK相比,分别增加10.8%和13.2%;不同土壤改良剂均可提高土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性;不同土壤改良剂对碱性磷酸酶的酶活性影响较小;微生物菌肥对酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的酶活性影响相对明显;不同土壤改良剂均能提高番茄可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸和维生素C的含量,其中,中量腐植酸有机肥处理提高了番茄的糖酸比。土壤改良剂可有效改善日光温室土壤特性及番茄品质。     

A Thermodynamic Criteria for Evaluation of Heat Exchanger Performance

The concept of loss rate of available energy was introduced for evaluating heat exchanger performance. At the same time, the general expression of loss rate of available energy was obtained for heat exchangers of several typical. And NL criteria was recommended for evaluation of the loss rate of available energy of heat exchanger. Then. the influences of inlet temperatures ratio, heat capacity ratio of fluids, the number of heat transfer units and flow patterns of heat exchanger on ,VL criteria were also discussed.     

Effective alleviation of Cd stress to microbial communities in mining reclamation soils by thiourea-modified biochar amendment

Reclaimed soils in mining area usually display low fertility and present Cd stress. The amendment of modified biochar effectively fixes Cd in soils,enhances soil fertility, and reduces Cd stress in soil microorganisms. However, the effect of thiourea-modified biochar(TBC) on microbial adaptability to Cd stress in mining reclamation soils is still unclear. The present work studied the Cd immobilization and microbial community changes in a mining reclamation soil displaying extreme Cd contaminatio...     

速效氮与缓控释氮配比一次性侧深施对双季稻产量、氮素利用率及氮素损失的影响

为探究在机插同步一次性侧深施肥作业方式下的速效氮与缓控释氮合理配比,保证水稻产量,提高肥料利用率,降低氮素流失,实现水稻的清洁化生产,采用田间小区试验,设置7个处理,分别为CK:不施肥,T1:农民习惯施肥(施N量早稻150 kg·hm~(-2),晚稻165 kg·hm~(-2)),T2～T6:机插同步一次性侧深施肥(施N量早稻105 kg·hm~(-2),晚稻132 kg·hm~(-2)),其中T2～T6处理的缓控释氮分别占总氮的0%、10%、20%、30%、40%。结果表明:在早稻季,各处理间产量差异不显著;晚稻季,T3～T5处理的产量间差异不显著,T6处理产量显著低于T4和T5处理;与T1处理相比,T2～T6处理的氮肥吸收利用率提高了8.08～14.10(早稻)个和6.68～26.61(晚稻)个百分点。与T2处理相比,早、晚稻T3～T6处理氨挥发累积量分别降低了5.20%～38.20%、29.41%～35.60%,田面水总氮平均浓度下降了20.90%～38.22%、7.39%～29.14%,田面水铵态氮平均浓度降低了26.26%～46.09%、42.57%～45.61%,其中T4处理早、晚稻不减产,肥料吸收利用率达到37.93%(早稻)、61.32%(晚稻),氨挥发累积量、田面水总氮平均浓度和铵态氮平均浓度分别下降37.00%、30.48%、31.88%(早稻),35.58%、12.88%、52.58%(晚稻),综合效果最好。研究表明,在湖南双季稻生产中,采用机插同步一次性侧深施肥作业方式,缓控释氮占总氮的20%较为合适。     

田间烤烟叶片缺钾症状与钾积累及土壤供钾水平关系

基于田间正常施肥烟株生长中期中、上部叶通常出现缺钾症状的现象,以烤烟品种K326为材料在砂质壤土上进行了田间试验,定期观察无钾(即K0,仅按常规施用氮磷肥,K_2O用量为0 kg·hm~(–2))、常规施肥但中后期出现缺钾症状(即CF,按常规施用氮磷钾肥,K_2O用量为364 kg·hm~(–2)但中后期仍有缺钾症状)、常规施肥且正常生长(即CK,按常规施用氮磷钾肥,K_2O用量为364 kg·hm~(–2)但中后期无缺钾症状)3处理烟株移栽后生长情况(特别是叶片缺钾症状的出现情况),并及时采集和测定了相应烟株的干物质、钾含量及根区土壤速效钾含量,以阐明正常施肥烤烟中、上部叶出现缺钾症状的可能原因。结果表明:(1)CF和K0烟株在移栽后33 d前叶片均未出现缺钾症状;但根区土壤速效钾含量移栽后42 d低于99.86 mg·kg~(–1)时,K0烟株第8～第15叶陆续表现缺钾;CF烟株根区土壤速效钾含量移栽后57 d低于131.1mg·kg~(–1)时,第12～第16叶也相继缺钾,而其他叶位叶片正常。(2)从移栽至42 d,CK和K0烟株干物质和钾素累积量虽皆明显增加,但K0烟株总量偏低趋势愈发显著;至移栽后57 d期间,CK和K0烟株前述两个指标继续增加,但此期CF干物质累积有相似的增加趋势,而钾素累积与出现缺钾症状前相比(即移栽后42 d时CK)则略有减少;(3)移栽后42 d至57 d,CF烟株上、中部叶和K0烟株上部叶钾净输出明显,而茎中净输入显著,其他器官或部位总体持平或略有增加;CK烟株上部叶钾素输入、输出维持平衡,其他器官有净增加。(4)生长期间,CK烟叶钾含量皆表现出随叶位上升而呈总体下降,K0烟叶前期有相似规律,但移栽后42 d、57 d呈"上升-下降-上升",CF于移栽后57 d为"下降-上升"趋势。上述结果说明,K0烟株移栽后42 d中部叶开始缺钾是钾整体吸收不足所致,后期则兼有上部叶钾净输出原因;CF烟株出现中、上部叶缺钾而下部叶正常则有3个原因,一是后期体内干物质累积持续增加导致的稀释;二是此期整株钾累积不仅未增加,且有下降;三是CF烟株中、上部叶钾净输出增加。