心尖锚的力学分析

设计了一种六齿镍钛合金锚钩用于封堵器等二尖瓣、三尖瓣返流修复系统的心尖固定,并对其力学特性进行研究.通过分析心脏结构及解剖数据,确定锚钩形状和可控尺寸设计变量,利用Solidworks建立锚钩3D模型,运用Abaqus软件对23个不同尺寸锚钩模型的入鞘过程进行有限元计算,分析锚钩入鞘过程中的最大入鞘力、最大冯米塞斯应变和入鞘轨迹的影响因素.制作了一种规格锚钩实物,与计算结果进行对比分析.结果表明:鞘部长度、鞘部角度及齿宽对应力、应变的影响最大,可以通过减小鞘部长度、鞘部角度及齿宽,有效降低最大应力、应变值;厚度、曲率半径及齿宽对入鞘力起到决定性作用,而根长和角度对入鞘力的影响很小;轴向刺入深度主要通过控制鞘部长度及鞘部角度来定义,径向刺入深度则由曲率半径的大小所决定.研究可为需心尖固定的心脏介入产品设计提供一定的借鉴意义.     

Floral induction (FI) in longan (Dimocarpus longan, Lour.) trees. III: Effect of shading the trees on potassium chlorate induced FI and resulting hormonal changes in leaves and shoots

Previous experiments demonstrated that treatment of longan trees with potassium chlorate (KClO₃) induces “off season floral induction” (FI) even in the absence of the naturally required cool temperature [Manochai, P., Sruamsiri, P., Wiriya-alongkorn, W., Naphrom, D., Hegele, M., Bangerth, F., 2005. Year around off season flower induction in longan (Dimocarpus longan, Lour.) trees by KClO₃ applications: potentials and problems. Sci. Hortic. 104, 379–390]. Potassium chlorate, however, cannot replace the presence of functional mature leaves and sufficient light intensity. Here we examined in more detail the effect of shade (about 10% of natural sunlight) on KClO₃ affected hormone concentrations/transport of leaves and shoot apical buds (SAB) and their interactions with FI.     

内源IAA对杂交稻强、弱势粒灌浆增重的影响

以超级杂交稻协优9308和杂交稻协优9312、Ⅱ优162及其相应恢复系为材料,对灌浆初期籽粒中内源IAA、糖分的变化,以及IAA抑制剂对IAA以及3H 标记葡萄糖吸收分配和籽粒灌浆的影响进行了研究。结果表明在籽粒灌浆初期强势粒的IAA含量以及增重的速度始终高于弱势粒。在开花受精7 d以前,强势粒中果糖、葡萄糖及蔗糖的含量高于弱势粒,之后相反。强、弱势粒间存在的这种灌浆势差异,杂交组合大于其相应的恢复系。IAA合成及运输抑制剂明显降低3H 葡萄糖在籽粒中的分配。外源IAA对幼穗的处理,缩小了强、弱势粒间结实率的差异,使整穗的结实率也有所提高。     

Enhanced kernel set promoted by synchronous pollination determines a tradeoff between kernel number and kernel weight in temperate maize hybrids

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is strongly related to the number of harvested kernels, where kernel number can be increased by synchronously pollinating silks rather than allowing them to be progressively pollinated as they naturally appear from the husks. However, there is scarce evidence on how this practice affects kernel weight (KW) and plant grain yield (PGY), and no report exists on its effects when combined with treatments aimed to reduce apical dominance, like male sterility and detasseling. Field experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (Exp₁ and Exp₂) using two hybrids, cropped at contrasting stand densities (3 and 9 plants per m²) and including (i) male-fertile and male-sterile versions, (ii) tasseled and detasseled plants, and (iii) natural (NP) and synchronous pollination (SP; pollen added manually to ears bagged 5 days after initial silking) systems. Tassel growth of sterile and fertile versions was also evaluated in a separate experiment (Exp₃). Detasseling increased the number of ears per plant reaching silking (P < 0.001) of NP plants, but this beneficial effect of reduced apical dominance did not improve kernel number per plant (KNP) or PGY. Similarly, the early arrest of anther growth in male-sterile plants had no clear benefit on KNP. In contrast, KNP was enhanced by synchronous pollination (range between −13% and +71%; average of +15.4% in Exp₁ and +3.9% in Exp₂). However, this pollination system promoted a decreased in KW (range between −30% and +4%; average of −11.8% in Exp₁ and −7.8 in Exp₂) such that the treatment had no effect on PGY (range between −19% and +37%; average of +1% in Exp₁ and −4% in Exp₂). Because plant growth rate around flowering was not different between pollination treatments, assimilate availability per kernel was reduced from ovary fertilization onwards in synchronously pollinated plants when compared to open pollinated plants. This explains the reduced KW when increasing KNP by synchronous pollination. In summary, none of the imposed treatments allowed grain yield to be increased at the plant level.     

生长锥发育对冬小麦抗寒性的生理效应

1984—1986年间,采用分期播种,在南京自然和控制条件下,研究了春性和冬性小麦的生长锥发育与抗寒锻炼、脱锻炼及再锻炼的关系。 蚰包小麦的抗寒锻炼潜力比宁麦4号大。越冬期间,正常播期下的春性小麦的抗寒性随温度的波动而改变,蚰包小麦的抗寒性强而平稳。 在二棱末期前的冬小麦幼苗,抗寒锻炼效应基本上不受生长锥发育阶段的影响。单棱期的麦苗在15℃/5℃下,宁麦4号的幼穗发育速率和脱锻炼比蚰包小麦快。在更高温度下,两者脱锻炼速率相似。说明小麦品种间脱锻炼的差异决定于幼穗发育速率对温度的敏感性。 调节播期使小麦在越冬时开始穗分化,不影响小麦的抗寒性,有利于分化大穗。     

湘棉18茎尖培养条件初步研究

以腺体突变型湘棉18为试验材料,先将棉花种子在无菌的蛭石中培养5-7d后,取棉花苗制备棉花苗茎尖,培养在无激素MSB培养基或加入激素的MSB培养基上,直接再生完整植株,结果表明:植株再生率主要与再生培养基中外源激素含量、活性炭浓度及茎尖分生组织的取材时间密切相关.     

与SP1互作的水稻穗顶部退化基因qPAA3的精细定位

【目的】水稻顶部小穗退化减少了单穗的总枝梗数和总粒数,严重影响单株产量,是水稻生产上的一个不利性状。因其遗传基础复杂,受环境影响较大,控制顶部小穗退化的相关基因克隆研究报道极少,该不利性状发生的分子机制及其遗传网络还不得而知。对顶部小穗退化基因进行精细定位,可为穗顶部基因的克隆奠定基础;开发的紧密连锁分子标记,也可以运用于分子育种实践,对这一不利性状进行早期识别和淘汰。【方法】首先对小穗突变体sp进行精细定位。用sp分别与粳稻品种ITA182和籼稻品种J160杂交构建2个遗传定位群体。为了研究不同穗退化突变体之间的关系,再以小穗突变体sp和穗顶部退化材料05261杂交,获得了农艺性状稳定的拟双突变体（表型与sp相似）。通过连续自交,纯合拟双突变体的遗传背景。再以高代的拟双突变体为非轮回亲本,穗顶部正常品种IRAT129为轮回亲本,构建含有双突变体的BC₁F₂亚群体。其中一个亚群体14C2017既表现单基因的穗退化性状分离,又出现小穗和穗顶部退化的双突变体表型,被用作顶部小穗退化基因的精细定位材料。【结果】水稻小穗性状是由1对隐性基因（sp）控制的。利用混池方法将SP(t)初步定位于第11染色体分子标记RM26281与RM7391之间;利用新开发的60对SSR分子标记,将其定位在标记sc50和sc66之间。在此区间内设计引物,最终将SP(t)定位在标记sc24和sc66之间,物理距离为54.3 kb的范围内。测序结果表明,突变体在该区间内有15.03 kb的大片段缺失,导致基因SP1的编码序列缺失。对拟双突变体的表型分析表明,sp与一个穗顶部退化基因存在互作。利用亚群体14C2017作为克隆与SP1互作基因的遗传分离群体,利用分布于全基因组的239对引物,筛选出在拟双突变体和IRAT129之间有多态的引物114对,将目标基因精细定位于第3染色体SSR标记RM6929和RM1319之间,物理距离为97.3 kb范围内,该候选基因属于早先报道的QTL--qPAA3。【结论】水稻sp的小穗性状是由基因SP1引起的缺失突变。与SP1互作的qPAA3定位于第3染色体SSR标记RM6929和RM1319之间,物理距离为97.3 kb的范围内。     

Crown development in young Picea abies stands

A dynamic model of branch length and weight growth was developed for two contrasting sites, both with young stands of spruce. At one site sample trees were obtained from both unfertilised plots and from plots with increased growth rate maintained by annual fertilisation. At the second site unfertilised trees and trees subject to single applications of fertiliser were modelled. A model of the same structure was developed for each site and tested by application at the alternate site. In view of the close agreement between sites, model parameters were calculated based on all data combined. The model is driven by height increment and branch age. The sample trees were mostly open grown so that only a tentative estimate of the effects of between tree competition is given. The limitations of the model are stressed.     

Purple nutsedge tuber sprouting

Purple nutsedge ( Cyperus rotundus L.) tubers remain viable for several years and serve as its principal means of survival. The maintenance of high moisture content is essential to tuber survival. Apical dominance influences bud dormancy within a tuber and in a chain of tubers, and dormancy increases with tuber age. Several growth inhibitors were identified in tubers, but their role in tuber dormancy has not been established. Moisture levels in soil must increase to a critical level before sprouting occurs, but excess soil moisture deters sprouting. Oxygen may be a limiting factor for tuber sprouting in waterlogged soils. Although light is not a requirement for sprouting, it has promoted sprouting. Temperature regulates sprouting; no sprouting occured below 10°C and above 45°C. Optimum sprouting occurred between 25 and 35°C when provided with constant temperatures. However, daily alternating temperatures greatly stimulated sprouting. A daily short duration (0.5 h) of high temperature increased sprouting to nearly 100%, whereas less than 50% sprouting occurred without the daily high temperature pulse. Bud break occurred readily for most tubers at 20°C and in nearly 100% of the tubers with a single 0.5 h exposure to a high temperature (35°C) pulse. However, most buds did not elongate if the tuber remained at 20°C. Bud elongation occurred at higher temperatures, and daily alternating temperatures stimulated shoot elongation up to eightfold greater than at the respective mean constant temperatures. Daily soil temperature fluctuation may be a major signal for purple nutsedge emergence, such as when the plant canopy is removed, or when soils are solarized. Future research is needed to determine tuber sprouting for different ecotypes, and on the role of the rhizome chain. Systems to manipulate sprouting may provide new strategies for purple nutsedge management.