The development of Raparadish (x Brassicoraphanus, 2n=38), a new crop in agriculture

Summary Raparadish, x Brassicoraphanus, the amphidiploid hybrid between Brassica rapa (syn. B.campestris) and Raphanus sativus (fodder radish) was made by Dolstra (1982). Primary hybrid plants grew vigorously, suggesting that the amphidiploid AARR might be useful as a fodder crop. Three populations of this new material were studied, with special attention to improvement of fertility and resistance to beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii), whilst preserving genetic variability. For lack of progress one of the populations was abandoned after the fourth generation. The other two populations were observed through nine or ten generations. Apart from the last two generations mass selection for seed set was carried out on the basis of single plants. This led to a considerable increase in average seed production, without losing a wide variation for this trait. Thus more progress is being expected. Five cycles of mass selection for resistance to beet cyst nematodes led to a considerable increase of the level of resistance of both populations. The prospects of this new agricultural crop are discussed.     

Amphidiploids between Cyclamen persicum Mill. and C. purpurascens Mill. induced by treating ovules with colchicine in vitro and sesquidiploids between the amphidiploid and the parental species induced by conventional crosses

Summary We cultured colchicine-treated hybrid ovules in vitro to produce fertile amphidiploids of C. persicum (2n=2x=48. referred to as AA) × C. purpurascens (2n=2x=34, referred to as BB). Seedlings and mature plants were obtained from the ovules without colchicine and those exposed to 50 mg/l colchicine for 5, 10 and 15 days, whereas they were not obtained from the ovules exposed to 50 mg/l colchicine for 20 days and 500 mg/l for 5, 10, 15 and 20 days. Although 8 mature hybrids derived from the ovules without colchicine produced a few fertile pollen grains, they failed to produce viable seeds by self-fertilization. The hybrids had 41 somatic chromosomes. Four and 3 mature plants were derived from ovules exposed to 50 mg/l colchicine for 10 and 15 days, respectively. One each among 4 and 3 mature plants showed a high frequency of pollen grain fertility, produced several seeds by self-fertilization, and had 82 somatic chromosomes which is twice the number of hybrid chromosomes (2n=41, AB). These findings indicated that these plants are amphidiploids (2n=82, AABB) between C. persicum and C. purpurascens. Three and 2 viable seeds were derived by the conventional crosses of diploid C. persicum × the amphidiploid and the amphidiploid × C. purpurascens, respectively. Flowering plants that developed from the seeds of diploid C. persicum × the amphidiploid were barely fertile and had 65 somatic chromosomes (2n=65, AAB), whereas those that developed from the seeds of the amphidiploid × C. purpurascens were barely fertile and had 58 somatic chromosomes (2n=58, ABB). The somatic chromosomes indicated that these plants are probably sesquidiploids between the amphidiploid and either C. persicum or C. purpurascens. The interspecific cross-breeding of cyclamen using the amphidiploids and the sesquidiploids is discussed.     

硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体及其双亲叶片解剖结构的比较

本文对硬粒小麦(Triticum durum)、簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa)及其杂种双二倍体的叶片解剖结构及光合特性进行观察。结果表明,杂种双二倍体与亲本硬粒小麦、簇毛麦相比,在气孔分布、气孔大小、叶绿体大小、叶肉细胞形态等方面均表现为中间型,略偏于光合速率较高的母本硬粒小麦。在叶片厚度上表现出超亲现象。与普通小麦宁麦三号相比,杂种双二倍体的各项与光合有关的解剖性状均接近。     

Interspecific and intergeneric hybridization and chromosomal engineering of Brassicaceae crops

In Brassicaceae crop breeding programs, wild relatives have been evaluated as genetic resources to develop new cultivars with biotic and abiotic stress resistance. This has become necessary because of the diversification of ecotypes of diseases and pests, changing food preferences, advances in production technology, the use of new approaches such as in vitro breeding programs, and the need for economical production of F₁ seed. To produce potential new cultivars, interspecific and intergeneric hybridizations have been performed between cultivated species and between cultivated species and their wild relatives. Furthermore, interspecific and intergeneric hybrids have been successfully produced using embryo rescue techniques. In this paper, we review the interspecific and intergeneric incompatibilities between Brassicaceae crops and their wild relatives, and the production, characterization, and improvement of synthetic amphidiploid lines, alien gene introgression lines, alloplasmic lines, monosomic alien chromosome addition lines, and monosomic alien chromosome substitution lines. The goal is to provide useful materials to support practical breeding strategies and to study the genetic effects of individual chromosomes on plant traits, the number of genes that control a trait, their linkage relationships, and genetic improvement in Brassicaceae crops.     

簇毛麦的酯酶同工酶基因在小麦遗传背景中的表达

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了簇毛麦、硬粒小麦簇毛麦双二倍体及簇毛麦(?)通小麦的二体代换系V”_5苗期叶片的酯酶同工酶酶谱,结果发现,簇毛麦的特征带E_3-V_3、E_3-V_4,E_4-V_1在硬粒小麦的遗传背景中得到表达,E_3-V_3,E_3-V_4是受V_5染色体控制。     

硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体与普通小麦杂种BC_1和F_2的细胞遗传学研究

BC_1和F_2植株的染色体数目变异分别为35～49和31～51,基本接近理论分布。其花粉母细胞的平均二价体数较F_1明显上升,分别为16.13和18.10,可见F_2比BC_1上升更多,因而平均自交结实率F_2比BC_1高,但与普通小麦回交结实率基本一致。这说明BC_1和F_2的可育雌配子数相近,而可育雄配子数F_2比BC_1多。因此认为二价体数目对雄配子可育性的影响比较明显,而对雌配子可育性影响比较弱。获得了一批可望产生异附加系和异代换系的2n=49(AABB DDV)、51以及43、44的抗白粉病植株的后代材料。     

kr基因在普通小麦—偃麦草双二倍体背景下的遗传表达分析

通过ＣＳ／Ｔｈ．ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｕｍ和ＣＳ／Ｔｈ．ｂｅｓａｒｂｉｃｕｍ两个双二倍体与黑麦和粘果山羊草的可杂交性，分析了中国春（ＣＳ）的隐性ｋｒ基因在普通小麦－偃麦草双二倍体下的遗传表达。结果表明，偃麦草种Ｔｈ．ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｕｍ和Ｔｈ．ｂｅｓａｒｂｉｃｕｍ中可能存在抑制ＣＳ隐性ｋｒ基因在普通小麦－偃麦草双二倍体中正常表达的遗传因子，其抑制效应因与普通小麦－偃麦草双二倍体杂交的父本不同而异。同时，Ｔｈ．ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｕｍ和Ｔｈ．ｂｅｓａｒｂｉｃｕｍ两个种中的抑制因子的抑制效应也存在差异。     

硬粒小麦—簇毛麦双二倍体乙醇脱氢酶和酯酶同工酶谱的研究

对硬—簇双二倍体 TH_1,TH_1W(81086A/簇毛麦),TH_2W(D311/簇毛麦),TH_3,TH_3W(墨75/簇毛麦)及它们的双亲硬粒小麦 D311,重建 AABB 四倍体81086A,墨75和簇毛麦(H.villosa)成熟种子乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)和酯酶(Esterase)的测试结果表明,硬粒小麦 D311和重建 AABB 四倍体都表现三条 ADH 同功酶带,即 ADH-1(αα),ADH-2(2αβ)和ADH-3     

Chromosomal and genic structure of Brassicoraphanus related to seed fertility and the presentation of an instance of improvement of its fertility

Summary In order to elucidate the mechanism of low fertility of Brassicoraphanus, i.e., amphidiploids between Brassica japonica Sieb. and Raphanus sativus L., the chromosome number of 253 plants was studied during the 3rd–9th generations for their seed fertility. Meiotic irregularity showed no connection with degree of sterility. Brassicoraphanus consisted of euploids (2n=38), hyperploids (2n=39–43) and hypoploids (2n=34–37) with white or yellow flowers. The number of plants was highest in euploids and became lower as the chromosome number diverged from the euploid number. Further, seed fertility was highest and the range of its variation widest in euploids. The seed fertility of aneuploids became lower and its variation narrower in proportion to the number of chromosomes additional to or missing from the euploid number. Yellow-flowered plants were superior in seed fertility to white-flowered plants. Seed fertility of plants is primarily affected by their chromosome numbers and secondarily modified by genic effects. As a whole, seed fertility of Brassicoraphanus increased gradually and its variation widened with the advance of generations. This was explained mainly by the increase of balanced combinations of genes.