山苍子精油对白纹伊蚊的生物活性及其成分分析

研究了山苍子Litsea cubeba果实精油对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus成蚊的驱避活性和对其幼虫的毒杀活性;采用GC-MS定性分析了精油的化学成分,并定量分析了其中9种活性成分。结果如下：在1．5mg·cm^-2的涂抹剂量下,山苍子精油对白纹伊蚊的100％保护时间为3．70h,对白纹伊蚊4龄期幼虫的24h毒杀Lc50值为82．48μg·mL^-1。定性分析共鉴定出17种化合物,其中E-柠檬醛的相对含量最高,其峰面积百分比为44．65％,其它相对含量较高的成分分别是Z-柠檬醛（34．60％）、柠檬烯（11．70％）、甲基庚烯酮（2．28％）、芳樟醇（1．28％）等。定量分析9种活性成分在精油中的总含量为238．70mg·mL^-1,其中E-柠檬醛106．20mg·mL^-1、Z-柠檬醛68．79mg·mL^-1、桉叶油素40．90mg·mL^-1的含量较高。研究结果表明,山苍子精油对白纹伊蚊具有良好的成蚊驱避和幼虫毒杀活性,这些生物活性与精油的化学成分密切相关。     

4种驱蚊植物提取物的驱蚊效果

[目的]探究具有较好驱蚊效果的植物提取物。[方法]采用人体驱避试验研究了西红柿、蒙古蒿、香叶天竺葵和蚊净香草4种驱蚊植物的提取物精油浸膏对白纹伊蚊的驱避效果。[结果]4种植物的提取物精油浸膏都具有良好的驱蚊效果,其中蒙古蒿精油浸膏的驱蚊有效保护时间最长,120 min时有效保护率仍为84.21%;西红柿精油浸膏的有效保护时间是105 min,其有效保护率为86.36%;香叶天竺葵和蚊净香草精油浸膏的有效保护时间均为90 min,有效保护率分别为88.89%和89.47%。[结论]蒙古蒿精油浸膏的驱蚊效果最好,可望用于进一步开发产品。     

Direct and indirect efficacy of truck-mounted applications of s-methoprene against Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is a globally significant vector that complexifies management programs already contending with Aedes aegypti (L.). The Ae. albopictus mosquito is a daytime biting, container breeding, anthropophilic mosquito that is generally considered unresponsive to operational larviciding that does not also incorporate source reduction. S-methoprene is a readily available juvenile hormone mimic common to pest management. This 14-week study examines direct and indirect treatment efficacy using s-methoprene as an ultra-low volume (ULV) truck spray in area-wide operations against Ae. albopictus in the southeastern United States. An overall 63.3% reduction of Ae. albopictus adults and 47.8% reduction of deposited eggs in treatment areas were observed compared with control. Indirect plots saw reduction in Ae. albopictus adults by 32.7% and eggs by 32.3%. Using insect growth regulator bioassays, truck-mounted ULV application of s-methoprene was effective to an inhibition of emergence (IE) of ≥92% within directly treated (sprayed) areas and >65% IE among containers placed up to 90 m away. S-methoprene could still benefit urban vector management programs when applied at an operational scale.     

Anti-Insect Activity of the Methanol Extracts of Fern and Gymnosperm

With environmental and food safety issues becoming one of the greatest concerns of the public, active plant compounds play more and more important roles in pest controlling. Fern to their particular status in plant taxology and co-evolution are of great significance for application as new pesticides due with insects. In this study, methanol extracts were distilled from wild fern and gymnosperm of 54 species of 22 families collected from Shiwandashan Mountain in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China. Insecticidal activities of the methanol extracts were assayed on both adult house fly （Musca domestica） and mosquito （Aedes albopictus）. Significant insecticidal activities were exhibited in the methanol extracts of five species, Cupressusfunebris （leaves and stems）, Cycas acuminatissima （roots）, Keteleeria fortunei （leaves and stems）, Onychium japonicum （whole plant）, and Pinus taiwanensis var. Darning shanensis （leaves and stems）. Applications of the extracts of these plants resulted in higher than 50% mortalities in 4th instar larvae of A. albopictus at 24 h after treatment. The methanol extracts from 13 species possessed insecticidal activities against the adult of M. domestica at 48 h after treatment with higher than 90% mortalities. The extensive screening results showed that these fern and gymnosperm were highly potential to be botanical insecticides. The findings provide a feasible and valuable basis for further investigation.     

登革热媒介白纹伊蚊产卵的习惯化行为及可持续控制

以登革热传播的主要媒介白纹伊蚊(Aedes albopictus)为研究对象,以香茅(Cymbopogon nardus)油为研究用植物次生物质,研究了白纹伊蚊幼虫期经历植物次生物质后,雌蚊对产卵场所的选择行为,分析白纹伊蚊的习惯化行为反应。结果表明,尽管植物次生物质对白纹伊蚊雌蚊产卵具有明显的驱避作用,但其幼虫期对植物次生物质的经历,减弱了其对白纹伊蚊产卵的驱避作用(t=3.37,P0.05)。说明白纹伊蚊可被诱导产生对产卵场所的习惯化行为反应,该行为能力能够降低植物性驱避剂的驱避效果,并探讨了白纹伊蚊的可持续控制。     

湘西黑藤精油的杀虫活性

为探明湘西黑藤精油对白纹伊蚊的卵和幼虫、小菜蛾3龄幼虫、菜粉蝶3龄幼虫、斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫、棉蚜和烟蚜无翅成蚜的杀虫活性,通过浸渍法、夹毒叶碟法、点滴法和玻片载蚜法测定了该精油对上述昆虫的生物活性.结果表明,湘西黑藤精油对白纹伊蚊的卵没有毒杀活性,但对其初孵幼虫和4龄幼虫具有较好的毒杀活性,24 h的LC50值分别是11.3 mg/L和38.5 mg/L;在质量浓度为500 mg/L时,精油虽然对3种供试鳞翅目幼虫没有触杀和胃毒活性,但有较弱的拒食活性,24 h的拒食率分别是38.6%,17.1%和6.7%;对棉蚜和桃蚜的毒杀活性也较差,24 h的LC50值分别是213.1 mg/L和235.1 mg/L.     

茅苍术提取物及其活性成分的杀蚊虫作用

用乙醇超声提取法提取茅苍术根茎物质,并进行杀蚊有效活性成分分离,采用幼虫浸渍法测定其对敏感型淡色库蚊、野生型地下家蚊和白纹伊蚊3龄幼虫的活性。结果发现:乙醇粗提物对淡色库蚊、地下家蚊和白纹伊蚊的24h LC_(50)值分别为22.71、36.30、23.51μg/mL。不同溶剂萃取物对白纹伊蚊生物活性测定结果表明,活性成分主要在正己烷相中,其LC_(50)为16.87μg/mL;而乙酸乙酯相和水相成分基本无活性。进一步对正己烷萃取物以硅胶柱层析分离的不同成分进行生物活性测定,活性成分主要为H2和H6;白纹伊蚊3龄幼虫在其25μg/mL质量浓度下24h死亡率均达100%。结果表明茅苍术的杀虫活性成分对敏感型淡色库蚊、野生型地下家蚊和白纹伊蚊的幼虫均具有较强生物活性,具有新型杀蚊剂开发潜力。