Using indicators to assess the environmental impacts of wine growing activity: The INDIGO® method

Environmental assessment methods are needed by agronomists working on the enhancement of cropping systems to meet the demand for more sustainable farming practices. A growing number of operational methods based on a set of indicators have been designed, more for arable crops and livestock than for perennial crops like viticulture. Among them, the INDIGO^® method, originally developed for arable crops, offers a compromise between feasibility and predictive quality. Here we present a modified and expanded version of INDIGO^® for viticulture. The development of new indicators specific to viticulture and the adaptation of existing ones followed a five step approach: (i) preliminary definition of the objectives and identification of the end-users, (ii) construction of the indicator, (iii) selection of a reference value, (iv) sensitivity analysis and (v) validation. Stakeholders from professional institutions and winegrower organizations were closely associated with step (i) to define the framework and step (ii) to supply technical databases. We designed INDIGO^® indicators with all available scientific and expert knowledge which was aggregated into expert systems associating fuzzy subsets or, when possible, quantitative equations.Four indicators; pesticides, nitrogen, energy and soil organic matter, were directly adapted from the initial INDIGO^® method, whereas soil cover and frost protection management were new indicators. Potentialities of their use are highlighted by examples of implementation on different scales and for various purposes.     

水杨酸对梨树叶片光氧化胁迫的缓解效应

以甲基紫精(MV)500 μmo1·L-1在1 150μmol·m-2·s-1左右光强下处理梨树叶片,研究了水杨酸(SA)对梨树叶片光氧化胁迫的缓解效应.结果表明,光氧化胁迫导致梨树叶片光合效率下降,丙二醛(MDA)积累,并导致超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低.光氧化胁迫条件下,SA可提高叶片的光合速率,减少膜脂过氧化产物MDA的积累,提高叶片中SOD的活性并降低叶片质膜透性,减轻光氧化胁迫对细胞膜的伤害.表明水杨酸可以缓解光氧化胁迫对梨树叶片的伤害作用,且在所试浓度范围内,以300μmol·L-1的SA作用效果最好.     

构建农村法律援助体系的难点与对策

民主法制建设是建设社会主义新农村的重要内容之一,法律援助在农村民主法制建设中占有突出地位。针对农村法律援助面临人员缺乏、经费不足等问题,提出了采取加强人才队伍建设和拓宽经费筹措渠道等措施。     

全氟辛酸对小鼠卵母细胞的毒性影响

【目的】研究全氟辛酸(Perfuorooctanoic aid,PFOA)对小鼠卵母细胞的毒性影响。【方法】选用6周龄体质量相近的昆明雌性小鼠160只,分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复8只小鼠。在适应环境7 d后开始对小鼠灌服不同剂量的PFOA,其中,对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组的每日剂量分别为0、 5、 10和20 mg/kg,连续灌服14 d,然后利用孕马血清促性腺激素(Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin,PMSG)和人绒毛促性腺激素(Human chorionic gonadotropin,hCG)对各组小鼠进行超数排卵,获取卵母细胞进行检测。【结果】与对照组相比,PFOA中、高剂量组小鼠的卵母细胞成熟率分别下降了14.28%、28.17%;卵母细胞内活性氧含量分别升高了135%、177%;而且卵母细胞β-tubulin形态异常,染色体非整齐排列的比例分别升高了65.06%、75.60%。此外,低、中、高剂量组PFOA处理后小鼠的卵母细胞内磷酸化组蛋白H2AX(Phospho-histone H2A.X,P-H2A.X)比例分别比对照组升高了...     

Optimization of Spray Drying Processing Technology of Mulberry Powder

With concentrated juice of mulberry as raw material, the influence of type and dosage of dry aid, the inlet air temperature, inlet flow rate, and rotating speed on spray drying was studied. The spray drying processing conditions of mulberry powder were optimized by the L9(34) orthogonal test on the basis of single factor experiment. The results showed that optimum technical parameters to produce mulberry powder were: β-cyclodextrin as dry aids with dosage of 30%, inlet air temperature of180 ℃, rotating speed of 18 000 r/min and inlet flow rate of 30 m L/min. The mulberry powder under this optimum process conditions had a loose structure and bright color, fruity flavor was rich, the anthocyanin content for 54.67 mg/g, moisture content for5.6% and sensory scores for 83.     

不同施氮水平下旱作玉米田土壤呼吸速率与土壤水热关系

为探讨不同施氮量对旱作玉米田土壤呼吸速率的影响,设置0(CK)、80、160、240、320kg·hm-25个氮肥水平,分析不同施氮水平下土壤呼吸速率动态变化及其与土壤温度和土壤含水量间的关系。结果表明:夏玉米生长季土壤呼吸速率呈单峰变化曲线,于播种后52d左右达到最大值,成熟收获时降至最低;土壤呼吸总量(Sr)与施氮量(n)满足关系式Sr=1204.09(/1+e-1.69-0.02n)。土壤温度和土壤水分是影响土壤呼吸速率的主要因素,5cm土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率呈显著正相关,土壤呼吸速率随土壤温度升高呈指数增加,土壤温度可以解释旱作农田土壤呼吸速率季节变化的62.31%～78.66%;土壤水分和温度相互协调共同调控土壤呼吸,两者可以解释旱作玉米田土壤呼吸季节变化的79.63%～85.87%。     

农民工平等就业调研报告

【目的】为了消除农民工劳动就业领域的歧视现象,促进农民工平等就业并尽快融入城市,以期推动中国的城镇化建设。【方法】发放关于农民工平等就业以及就业歧视解决渠道等问题的调查问卷,并对一些企业、法律援助组织等单位进行实地考察。【结果】中国已在农民工平等就业方面取得了明显进步,但是在劳动就业领域农民工依然处于不利地位,面临着"社会保险及福利待遇偏低、间接歧视比较严重、缺乏参与企业民主管理的权利以及社会地位低下"等困境。农民工在劳动就业领域遭遇的各种不公平对待,已经成为农民工融入城市的阻碍,需要引起政府的高度重视。【结论】政府需要通过落实企业内部申诉机制、建立平等委员会、拓宽司法诉讼渠道、强化劳动监察等具体措施,为农民工平等就业提供更加便捷高效的法律救济机制。     

农业风险互助信息管理系统的设计

在试验的基础上,设计了农业风险互助信息系统。该系统分为网络数据库系统和用户管理系统两部分,其充分发挥了网络资源优势,实现数据的高速传递和实时更新。利用SQL Server数据库服务器引擎存放数据,用户可通过网络终端进行各种操作。有专门的数据库管理人员负责对数据库进行维护,具有较好的系统安全性。     

确立法律援助制度的三个基础

法律援助制度的实施是我国政治、经济、文化发展的必然结果,并将随着政治、经济、文化的进一步发展而发展。本文以此为基点,对确立法律援助制度的政治、经济、文化基础予以剖析。