Factors influencing decline in soil pH in Hawaiian Eucalyptus and Albizia plantations

Soil pH declined from 5.9 to 5.0 in 8 years beneath plantations of Eucalyptus saligna (Sm.) in Hawaii. In stands of Albizia falcataria, (L.) Fosberg, the soil pH change was more dramatic, declining from 5.9 to 4.6. We measured several components of soil acidity beneath four mixtures of the two tree species to gain insight on the processes responsible for the decline in soil pH. These components were studied using an empirical method of comparing acid quantity, degree of neutralization (depletion of base cations), and acid strength. The decline in soil pH differed between species as a result of differences in the degree of neutralization of the soil exchange complex; the larger decrease in soil pH under Albizia was produced by greater acidification of the exchange complex. Empirical titration curves suggested that differences in acid strength moderated the divergence in soil pH beneath the species. Had the acids accumulating in the soil under Albizia been as strong as those in the Eucalyptus soil, the difference in soil pH would have been greater. Though the two species had contrasting effects on soil pH, the differences in degree of neutralization, responsible for the pH decline, were small compared with differences in the amount of cations stored in tree biomass. Continued supply of nutrient cations (from weathering or fertilization) will ultimately control both the extent of soil pH decline and the level of productivity sustained by the forest.     

酸益(SI)在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用比较

选用杂种仔猪杜×(长×川白)24头,于28±2日龄断奶,以玉米-豆粕型日粮饲喂,进行为期30d的饲养试验,研究日粮中添加0.1%复合酸化剂-酸益SI、0.1%复合酸化剂FD和降低1.5%乳清粉用量对断奶仔猪生产性能、日粮酸和力及肠道大肠杆菌数的影响.结果表明,添加复合酸化剂-酸益(SI)可明显提高仔猪日增重,改善料肉比,大幅度降低腹泻率,降低乳清粉用量与饲料成本.其料肉比、日增重与使用进口产品FD差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

不同吸附特性的稻草生物炭对稻田氨挥发和水稻产量的影响

秸秆生物炭具有改善土壤生态环境、土壤蓄水保肥和减少温室气体排放等正效应,但其石灰效应会加大稻田氨挥发损失。为充分发挥生物炭吸铵特性,降低其石灰效应的不利影响,对不同热解温度(300、500、700℃)和酸化水平(pH值=5、7、9)稻草生物炭处理下的田面水NH_4~+-N浓度、氨挥发和水稻产量进行了研究。结果表明:偏酸性(pH值=5)、中性(p H值=7)生物炭处理在基肥期和分蘖肥期均能显著降低田面水NH_4~+-N峰值浓度(P0.05),降幅达16.90%～35.60%。全生育期稻田氨挥发损失占施氮量的15.14%～26.05%(2019年)、15.10%～19.00%(2020年)。稻田增施热解温度为700℃、酸化水平为5(p H值=5)的生物炭(C700P5)降氨效果最好,两年氨挥发分别显著降低22.93%、12.61%(P0.05)。高温热解配合偏酸性、中性生物炭(C700P5、C700P7)增产效果显著,增产率达9.92%～13.50%,结构方程模型表明,其增产原因是生物炭酸化处理降低了稻草生物炭的石灰效应,而热解温度调整提高了生物炭阳离子交换量(CationExchange Capacity,CEC),进而降低了田面水NH_4~+-N浓度和氨挥发损失,最终提高了水稻地上部氮素积累和水稻产量。研究可揭示不同热解温度和酸化水平制备的生物炭在稻田中的应用潜力,并为稻田合理施用生物炭和减少化肥施用量提供理论依据。     

生物炭对不同酸化水平稻田土壤性质和重金属Cu、Cd有效性影响

针对南方稻田土壤酸化严重,导致养分流失有毒重金属活化,严重影响稻米质量安全的重大现实问题。以水稻秸秆和谷壳等农业废弃物为原料制备生物炭(分别记为RSC和RHC),研究不同原料生物炭对酸化土壤改良及其对重金属有效性的影响。设置3个生物炭用量(0,20,50 g/kg,分别记为CK、C1、C2),4种土壤酸化水平(pH 4.01,4.25,4.33,4.58,分别记为L1、L2、L3、L4),生物炭与重金属污染土壤共同培养60天后测定土壤pH、全氮、有机质、有效磷、速效钾和有效态Cu、Cd含量。结果表明:RSC对酸化土壤pH的改良效果明显优于RHC,且施炭量越高提高幅度越大,RSC的C2处理使4种酸度水平的土壤pH分别提高了0.68,0.97,1.29,1.71个单位。2种生物炭均能提高土壤的全氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量,其中各施炭处理有机质显著提高,尤以速效钾的增幅最为显著,RSC对4种养分的提高均优于RHC。RHC对土壤有效态Cu含量无显著影响;RSC的C2较C1处理更能降低土壤中有效态Cu含量,使4种酸度水平的土壤分别降低了13.62%,6.57%,4.36%,7.88%。RHC处理的L3、L4土壤中有效态Cd含量显著降低,最大分别降低了13.79%,19.23%。RSC使4种酸度土壤有效态Cd含量最大分别降低了20.00%,25.81%,20.69%,19.23%。相关分析表明,土壤pH与有效态重金属含量呈显著负相关关系。水稻秸秆炭用于改良酸化土壤、降低重金属Cu和Cd有效性的效果更佳,且降低污染土壤中Cd的有效性较Cu好;生物炭对酸化程度越低的土壤pH和有效磷含量的提高以及有效态Cd含量的降低效果较好,而有效态Cu含量的降低效果则在酸化程度越高的土壤中表现更佳;土壤pH是生物炭调控重金属Cu、Cd有效性的主要影响因素。     

耕地棕壤酸碱缓冲性能及酸化速率研究

辽宁省耕地棕壤自第二次土壤普查以来酸化趋势明显,pH整体平均值从第二次普查时期的6.42降至5.73。对辽宁省4个典型地区(昌图、沈阳、瓦房店、清原)的耕地棕壤耕层(0-20cm)缓冲性能、酸化速率及其影响因素进行研究,结果表明:各地区酸碱缓冲容量变幅为29.66～39.87mmol/kg.pH unit,其中辽宁北部和中部地区酸碱缓冲容量明显高于辽南和辽东地区。酸化速率以辽南地区下降速率最快,其值为2.69H+kmol/(hm2.a),而速率最慢的地区为辽东,其酸化速率为1.44H+kmol/(hm2.a)。土壤初始pH、阳离子交换量、颗粒组成及有机质含量均是影响酸碱缓冲容量变化的主要因素。北部和中部质地以粉(砂)壤土为主,阳离子交换量、盐基饱和度及粘粒含量均高于南部和东部地区,因此缓冲性能也较强。施肥及其他人为因素对辽宁耕地棕壤酸碱缓冲容量及酸化速率的影响有待进一步研究。     

氧化节杆菌生物降解苯并芘

A pot experiment was conducted with multi-metal (Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) contaminated acidic soil to investigate changes in available metal burden resulting from the application of industrial wastes (fly ash and steel slag). The efficiency of amendments-induced metal stabilization was evaluated by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), sequential extraction, and plant uptake. The stability of remediation was assessed by an acidification test and by chemical equilibrium modeling. Addition of fly ash (20 g kg-1 ) and steel slag (3 g kg-1 ) resulted in similar increase in soil pH. Both amendments significantly decreased the concentrations of metals measured with DGT (C DGT) and the metal uptake by Oryza sativa L. Significant correlations were found between C DGT and the concentration of a combination of metal fractions (exchangeable, bound to carbonates, and bound to Fe/Mn oxides), unraveling the labile species that participate in the flux of metal resupply. The capability of metal resupply, as reflected by the R (ratio of C DGT to pore water metal concentration) values, significantly decreased in the amended soils. The C DGT correlated well with the plant uptake, suggesting that DGT is a good indicator for bioavailability. Acidification raised the extractable metal concentration in amended soil but the concentration did not return to the pre-amendment level. Equilibrium modeling indicated that the soil amendments induced the precipitation of several Fe, Al and Ca minerals, which may play a positive role in metal stabilization. Chemical stabilization with alkaline amendments could be an effective and stable soil remediation strategy for attenuating metal bioavailability and reducing plant metal uptake.     

生物炭添加对酸化土壤中小白菜氮素利用的影响

针对菜地土壤酸化趋势显著、氮肥利用率低下等突出问题,以小白菜为供试作物,设置了前3季连续施用化肥氮及后2季不施化肥氮的5季盆栽试验,研究生物炭添加对酸化土壤上连续多季种植小白菜的产量、氮肥利用率以及土壤供氮能力的影响。结果表明:在连续添加化肥氮的条件下,生物炭添加显著增加了小白菜的产量及氮素累积量,有效降低了土壤速效氮含量,并提高了土壤速效氮中NO3--N含量比例,缓解了土壤酸化趋势,降低了小白菜中硝酸盐含量,增加了氨基酸含量,提高了氮肥利用率;在停止施用化肥后,生物炭添加处理仍能保持较高的土壤速效氮含量,提高土壤固持氮素的有效性,促进植株对氮素的吸收利用,从而使产量维持在施氮条件下的高水平。研究表明生物炭添加对土壤氮素具有"削峰填谷"的调节功能,能够有效促进氮素的吸收转化,从而有利于维持高产。     

吉林省农田耕层土壤pH的时空变化特征

本研究通过分析2005~2013年测土配方施肥项目在吉林省采集的大量土壤样品,明确了不同地区农田耕层土壤pH的空间变异特征,并与第二次土壤普查数据对比探讨了土壤pH的变化趋势。结果表明,目前吉林省农田耕层土壤pH分布在3.8~9.1之间,平均值为6.5。不同类型农田土壤pH的高低顺序为:黑钙土风沙土草甸土黑土白浆土≈暗棕壤水稻土。空间上,吉林省农田耕层土壤呈现自西向东逐渐降低的分布特征,以西部白城市的通榆县最高而东部延边朝鲜族自治州的汪清县最低。时间上,与第二次土壤普相比,吉林省各种土类的pH存在共性的土壤酸化趋势。不同土类间pH的降幅存在较大差异,代表性的黑土下降约0.5个单位,酸化程度较大的草甸土和水稻分别下降了1.4和1.6个单位,而酸化程度较小的白浆土下降了0.1个单位。吉林省农业生产中应控制化肥用量,调整肥料品种,合理增施有机肥,大力推广秸秆还田,从而缓解土壤酸化趋势,改善土壤肥力。     

Fertilizer ammonium : nitrate ratios determine phosphorus uptake by young maize plants

We investigated the interacting effects of inorganic nitrogen and the main inorganic phosphorus form in dairy manure (dicalcium phosphate, CaHPO₄) on growth, nutrient uptake, and rhizosphere pH of young maize plants. In a pot experiment, three levels of CaHPO₄ (0, 167, and 500 mg P pot^?1) were combined with nitrogen (637 mg N pot^?1) applied at five NH₄‐N : NO₃‐N ratios (0 : 100, 25 : 75, 50 : 50, 75 : 25, and 100 : 0) and a nitrification inhibitor in a concentrated layer of a typical acid sandy soil from Denmark. ¹⁵N‐labeled NH₄‐N was applied to differentiate the role of nitrification and to partition nitrogen uptake derived from NH₄‐N. Among treatments including nitrogen, shoot biomass, rooting and phosphorus uptake were significantly higher at the five‐leaf stage when CaHPO₄ was applied with NH₄‐N : NO₃‐N ratios of 50 : 50 and 75 : 25. In these treatments, rhizosphere pH dropped significantly in direct proportion with NH₄‐N uptake. The fertilizers in the concentrated layer had a root‐inhibiting effect in treatments without phosphorus supply and in treatments with pure NO₃‐N or NH₄‐N supply. Increased nitrogen uptake as NH₄‐N instead of NO₃‐N reduced rhizosphere pH and enhanced acquisition of applied CaHPO₄ by young maize plants, which may have positive implications for the enhanced utilization of manure phosphorus.     

复合磷酸盐抑制酸奶中霉菌生长的应用

研究了复合磷酸盐在酸奶中对发酵剂酸化速率和产品品质的影响,以及复合磷酸盐最适添加量抑制霉菌生长的效果。结果表明,复合磷酸盐添加量0.02%和0.04%对发酵剂酸化速率影响不明显,并且对产品品质没有影响,但是对酸奶中霉菌生长具有明显的抑制作用。因此,在酸奶生产中添加适量复合磷酸盐可以有效提升酸奶产品货架期。