富锗酵母培养物对下笼蛋鸡肉品质、肠道菌群及结构的影响

本试验旨在研究富锗酵母培养物对下笼蛋鸡肉品质及肠道的影响。选取505日龄健康的海兰褐壳蛋鸡480只,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复24只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加12、16、20 mg/kg的富锗酵母菌培养物。预试期7 d,正试期为42 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,12、16、20 mg/kg组腿肉的蒸煮损失分别降低45.2%、33.6%、39.7%(P<0.01),pH均高于对照组(P<0.01);16mg/kg组腿肌的亮度(L~*)低于对照组(P<0.05);12、16、20 mg/kg组腿肌的剪切力分别比对照组低44.13%、56.07%、50.60%(P<0.01);各试验组胸肌pH均高于对照组(P<0.01),16mg/kg组的pH高于12、20mg/kg组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,16mg/kg组乳酸菌数量升高(P<0.05);空肠中,各试验组的绒毛长度高于对照组(P<0.01);16、20 mg/kg组绒毛长度/隐窝深度高于对照组(P<0.01)。结果显示,日粮中添加富锗酵母培养物可以改善下笼蛋鸡小肠的形态结构和肠道菌群平衡,提高鸡肉品质,建议添加量为16 mg/kg。     

小麦转录因子TaMYB5 like转录自激活能力及其参与生理型花粉败育过程表达模式研究

化学杂交剂SQ-1诱导的小麦花粉败育是一个复杂的生理代谢过程，TaMYB5-like被发现参与此过程。为了解TaMYB5-like基因在SQ-1诱导小麦生理型花粉败育过程中的作用，以SQ-1诱导的小麦生理型雄性不育系PHYMS-1376和对照可育系CK-1376四分体、单核早期、单核晚期、二核期和三核期花药为试验材料，克隆TaMYB5-like基因，并对其进行序列结构、生物信息学、表达模式、亚细胞定位及转录自激活效应分析。结果发现，TaMYB5-like基因序列长5 207 bp，其cDNA长为1 133 bp，其中CDS序列长819 bp，编码272个氨基酸，含有2个SANT结构域，分子量为29.36 kDa，无信号肽，无跨膜结构，亚细胞定位在细胞核内；TaMYB5-like基因启动子涉及光响应、逆境胁迫响应、茉莉酸甲酯响应等顺式作用元件。自激活效应发现，TaMYB5-like蛋白的自激活区段位于N端，合适浓度的AbA和3-AT可以抑制BD-TaMYB5-like和BD-TaMYB5-like-N-SANT融合蛋白的自激活性；随着蛋白质氨基酸序列的截断，自激活性呈降低趋势。与CK-1376相比，PHYMS-1376四分体和单核早期花药中TaMYB5-like表达量差异不显著；花药发育到单核晚期、二核期和三核期时，TaMYB5-like表达量显著增加；CK-1376和PHYMS-1376三核期时花药内TaMYB5-like表达量均最高。     

巴西橡胶树乳管细胞HblMYC3互作蛋白筛选与功能分析

MYC是b HLH转录因子家族的亚家族成员,在植物茉莉酸信号转导过程中发挥着重要的调节作用。Hbl MYC3是从巴西橡胶树的乳管细胞中分离鉴定到的MYC类转录因子,其基因表达受割胶和茉莉酸上调。采用酵母双杂交方法初步筛选Hbl MYC3蛋白的互作蛋白,旨在进一步了解Hbl MYC3的功能。结果表明:Hbl MYC1、Hbl MYC2、DNAJ蛋白、谷氧还蛋白2、含A20和AN1锌指结构域的胁迫相关蛋白5、28 ku热和酸稳定的磷蛋白以及25 ku泛素连接酶E2等7种蛋白不同程度地与Hbl MYC3蛋白互作。基于这些互作蛋白的功能,推测Hbl MYC1或Hbl MYC2通过与Hbl MYC3形成二聚体对小橡胶粒子膜蛋白基因表达进行调控,其他蛋白参与胁迫条件下维持二聚体的稳定性和胁迫反应后降解该二聚体。     

Arthrographis kalrae soluble antigens present hemolytic and cytotoxic activities

Arthrographis kalrae is a dimorphic, cosmopolitan and neurotropic fungus that has been described as a rare human pathogen. This study investigated the hemolytic and cytotoxic activities of A. kalrae cell-free antigens (CFAs). Total CFAs and their Sephadex chromatography fractions were tested on mouse erythrocytes for hemolysis and on the P3U1 cell line for cytotoxicity. Hemolytic and cytotoxic activities were detected in distinct molecular mass (MM) fractions. Additionally, antibodies against isogenic erythrocytes sensitized with CFAs (anti-E-CFAs) inhibited hemolysis but not cytotoxicity. Hemolysis was not affected by heating, and a higher reactivity was detected in the carbohydrate-rich fractions, which decreased after reduction by periodate treatment. The pioneering nature of this work is due to the demonstration of the cytotoxic activity in A. kalrae and the suggestion that this activity may be due to molecules distinct from the hemolytic factor, with the latter potentially being a component with a high MM.     

Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungivorous nematodes on the growth and arsenic uptake of tobacco in arsenic-contaminated soils

The effects of inoculation with two AM fungi (M1, Glomus caledonium; M2, Glomus spp. and Acaulospora spp.) and a fungivorous nematode Aphelenchoides sp. on growth and arsenic (As) uptake of Nicotiana tabacum L. were investigated in soils contaminated with a range of As. The reproduction of Aphelenchoides sp. was triggered by the co-inoculation of AM fungi regardless of AM fungal isolates and As levels. Stimulative effects of Aphelenchoides sp. on the development of mycorrhiza, slightly different between two AM fungi, were found particularly at the lowest As level. Irrespective of mycorrhizal inoculi, increasing soil As level decreased plant growth, but increased plant As uptake. Co-inoculation of AM fungi and Aphelenchoides sp. led plants to achieving further growth and greater As accumulation at the lowest As level. Results showed that the interactions between AM fungi and fungivorous nematodes were important in plant As tolerance and phytoextraction at low level As-polluted soil.     

大肠杆菌表达系统和酵母表达系统的研究进展

由于DNA重组技术和蛋白组技术的发展与成熟,外源基因表达技术备受关注。其在生物、食品、工业以及医学领域发挥着举足轻重的作用。以原核生物细胞及真核生物细胞作为表达系统,进行目的基因序列的表达以生产蛋白疫苗、核酸疫苗和生物酶制剂等是近年来发酵工业的新型领域。原核和真核表达系统是近年来研究和应用最广泛和最成熟的外源基因表达系统。对近年来关于大肠杆菌表达系统和酵母表达系统的研究进展进行了综述。     

Effect of Partial Replacement of Steam Rolled Corn With Soybean Hulls or Prickly Pear Cactus in the Horse's Diet in the Presence of Live Saccharomyces cerevisiae on In Vitro Fecal Gas Production

The aim of the study was to evaluate the fecal fermentation of partial replacing steam rolled corn with soybean hulls (SH) or prickly pear cactus (PC) as energy source in horse diets, in the presence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Steam rolled corn was replaced with SH at 0% (control), 7.5% (SH75), and 15% (SH150) in the first trial, whereas it was replaced with PC at 0% (control; the same of the first trial), 7.5% (PC75), and 15% (PC150) in the second trial. Yeast of S. cerevisiae was added at 0, 2, and 4 mg/g dry matter (DM) of incubated substrates. Fecal inoculum was obtained from four adult English Thoroughbred horses fed on an amount of commercial concentrate and oat hay ad libitum. Interactions observed between PC rations and yeast doses for the asymptotic gas production (GP), the rate of GP and carbon dioxide (CO₂) production during some incubation hours. Moreover, with no effect due to SH rations (P > .05), increased (P < .05) rate of GP was observed with the ration PC75 compared with other rations. Besides, PC75 and PC150 rations with 0 mg yeast/g DM linearly decreased (P < .05) CO₂ production at some incubation hours. However, SH75 and SH150 ration had increased (P = .005) DM degradability (DMD). Yeast addition at 2 mg/g DM increased the asymptotic GP (P = .048) with the SH75 and PC150 rations. The level of 4 mg yeast/g DM increased the asymptotic GP (P = .048) from the SH150 ration. Yeast addition at 2 and 4 mg/g DM increased (P < .05) ​the asymptotic GP from PC75 and PC150 rations, respectively, with increasing DMD with the both doses. Yeast addition increased (P < .05) CO₂ production from SH75, SH150, PC75, and PC150 rations. It could be concluded that SH and PC can replace steam rolled corn at levels of 7.5% to 15% without negative effect of fermentation kinetics and with better fermentation performance in the presence of yeast at 2 mg/g DM of substrates.     

绿肥影响农田土传病害的研究进展

土传病害是制约我国农业可持续发展的因素之一。绿肥作为高效清洁的有机肥源,与主作物合理搭配,可有效降低主作物土传病害的发生和危害,是减少化学药剂使用的重要措施。因此,综述绿肥对土传病害的防控效果与机制,对于绿肥推广应用和土传病害绿色防控具有重要意义。绿肥影响作物土传病害的研究主要集中于土传真菌病害和线虫病害,且大多数研究表明,绿肥可通过增强主作物整体抗病水平,对病原菌的化感抑制作用和改善土壤理化性质,增加土壤微生物中拮抗菌多样性和丰富度等,显著降低主作物土传病害发病率和严重程度。然而,绿肥影响主作物病害的作用机制研究不够深入,绿肥-主作物搭配模式和绿肥调控主作物病害的社会经济学效益仍需探究。同时,加强绿肥-主作物病害一体化防控及绿肥与根际促生菌、生防菌等其他有机改良剂或与适当的化学防控措施之间协同作用的研究,是未来需要加强的研究方向。     

大豆(Glycine max) GmDREB5互作蛋白GmGβ1的筛选及鉴定

从大豆(Glycine max)中克隆了一个与抗逆相关的DREB (Dehydration Responsive Element Binding Protein) 基因GmDREB5。功能分析证明, GmDREB5基因能够显著提高烟草的抗旱性和耐盐性。为了筛选GmDREB5的互作蛋白, 采用酵母双杂交系统以GmDREB5蛋白73~226位氨基酸区段为诱饵筛选干旱处理的大豆cDNA文库, 发现一个互作蛋白含有保守的WD40结构域, 与棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)和水稻(Oryza sativa)的G蛋白β亚基分别具有61%和52%的同源性, 说明蛋白可能是一类新的大豆G蛋白β亚基, 将其定名为GmGβ1。将GmDREB5与GmGβ1共转化酵母菌株AH109, 转化的酵母能够在四营养缺陷型培养基上(SD/ trp- leu- his- ade-)正常生长, 而对照不能生长; 同时, 共转化的酵母能够激活LacZ报告基因的表达, 证明GmGβ1与GmDREB5之间存在相互作用。表达特性分析表明, GmGβ1基因受干旱、低温、高盐等胁迫和激素ABA处理的诱导而表达, 证明GmGβ1不仅参与植物对非生物胁迫的响应, 同时参与对GmDREB5蛋白水平的调控。     

长期施肥对南方典型水稻土养分含量及真菌群落的影响

利用江西省农业科学院31年的长期肥料定位试验,选取不施肥(对照)、单施化肥、70%化肥配施30%有机肥、50%化肥配施50%有机肥和30%化肥配施70%有机肥等5个处理,通过常规分析和454-高通量测序技术,研究了长期不同施肥条件下,我国南方典型水稻土养分含量和真菌群落结构的变化。结果表明,在酸性水稻土上,长期单施化肥显著降低土壤p H值,但随着有机肥配施比例的提高p H明显上升;有机和无机肥配施显著提高土壤有机质、有效氮磷含量以及微生物碳氮量。单施化肥土壤真菌18S r DNA序列数比配施有机肥的多1倍,但真菌种(属)数减少了11~40种;前20种优势真菌的丰富度占真菌总量的78.82%~91.51%,以子囊菌最多(7?13种),所占比例最大(23.13%?75.09%);与对照相比,配施有机肥的土壤中有14?15种优势真菌与之相同,而单施化肥的土壤中仅有10种一致;主成分分析结果表明单施化肥处理的真菌群落组成与其他各处理存在显著差异。因此,单施化肥造成土壤酸化加剧,真菌数量成倍增加,但种类显著减少,其丰富度和多样性明显降低,并改变优势真菌种群,相应提高了土壤病原真菌过度繁殖的风险。而有机和无机肥配施有利于维持水稻土壤健康生态环境和真菌种群多样性。