Can trail spatial attributes predict trail use level in urban forest park? An examination integrating GPS data and space syntax theory

Understanding users’ spatial distribution in forest park is crucial for providing visitors with quality recreation experiences and for park planning and management. Utilizing users’ spatial distribution data, this study aims at investigating associations between trail use level and trail spatial attributes, through examining two large urban forest parks (Gongqing forest park and Paotaiwan forest park) in Shanghai, China. Users’ spatial distribution was measured utilizing GPS trackers with the interval of 10 seconds. This study conceptualizes trail spatial attributes as trail metric attributes and trail configurational attributes. Trail metric attributes include trail mean distance to gates, length, width and level of enclosure, which are calculated based on park map and on-site observation. We computed trail configurational attributes utilizing space syntax theory, which comprise measures of global integration, control, and connectivity. Trail connection with features/facilities, visual connection with water and shading are included as covariate variables. In total, we obtained 134 valid samples in Gongqing forest park and 210 valid samples in Paotaiwan forest park for analysis. Multivariate regression analyses indicate that when involving covariate variables, consistently in both parks, a greater trail usage is significantly related to trail shorter mean distance to park gate, trail width wider than 3 meters, higher global integration and higher control values. Collectively, these four trail spatial attributes explained 31.7 % (p < 0.001) and 27.3 % (p < 0.001) of the variances in trail use level in Gongqing forest park and Paotaiwan forest park. These findings provide direct implications to park designers and managers for providing visitors with different desirable social conditions, and ultimately improve users’ experiences and satisfactions.     

宁波市登山健身步道建设现状及规划研究

随着社会经济的发展,人们对户外登山健身的需求日益迫切。近年来,宁波市登山健身步道建设发展迅速,登山健身步道长度和登山游客规模快速增长,"步道经济"初步形成。为了适应宁波市登山健身步道建设发展的需要,该文在全面调查全市登山步道空间分布、沿线自然景观、游客规模及其需求的基础上,针对如何更好的利用宁波市优越的自然、历史、人文资源,从步道空间布局、自然和历史文化特色、基础设施建设、步道沿线自然景观优化等方面,对全市登山健身步道建设进行了初步探索,以期为其建设提供有价值的参考意见和建议。     

The influence of interaction with forest on cognitive function

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate whether forest experience had a positive impact on cognitive function. Cognitive function refers to a person's ability to intellectually process by which one becomes aware of, perceives, or comprehends ideas. It involves all aspects of perception, thinking, reasoning, and remembering. Sixty university students participated in this study. We compared the restorative effects on cognitive functioning of interactions with forest versus urban environments. To measure participants’ cognitive function and mood state, Trail Making Test B and Profile of Mood States were used in this study. The results of this study indicated that participants’ cognitive function was significantly improved when they walked in forest (i.e. time taken to complete the task was shortened by more than 7 seconds), but not when they walked downtown. In addition, participants’ mood also positively changed when they walked in forest. The results of this study confirmed Kaplan's attention restoration theory (ART). ART has emphasized the importance of cognitive functions from interaction with natural environments such as forests.     

基于研学视角的广州钱岗古道保护与发展策略研究

在粤港澳人文湾区建设背景下,南粤古驿道与文化旅游已成为发展重点和热点,文化遗产与旅游的融合发展研究对推动古驿道的活化利用具有重要意义。在剖析古驿道与研学旅游相关研究及融合发展交互关系的基础上,选取广州钱岗古道为研究对象,针对古道沿线资源和保护发展困境,以研学旅游为切入点,提出拓展多元需求的研学群体、打造空间复合的研学旅游基地、完善功能齐全的配套服务设施、发展古驿道“文化+旅游”产业链、复原和整合历史文化资源、营造类型多样的主题活动游线 6 个方面的古驿道保护与发展策略。     

贝奥雄性不育灭鼠剂室内药效试验

贝奥雄性不育灭鼠剂是一种新型的植物源灭鼠剂,来源于天然植物雷公藤。本试验通过在室内用该药剂喂饲金黄地鼠,检验其对雄鼠的不育作用,结果表明该植物源药剂对雄性金黄地鼠具有显著的不育效果。     

成对或不成对反转试验设计

本文系统探讨了反转试验（交叉设计）设计的数学模型。统计分析方法和原理以及设计要求，根据t-测验思想，给出了成对或不成对反转试验设计的原理和方法。     

Substance and Energy Balances in the "Static Fertilisation Experiment Bad Lauchstädt"

Data of the "Static Fertilisation Experiment Bad Lauchstädt" were used to identify the effect of different fertiliser application on yield, various energetic parameters as well as on carbon and nitrogen balance of the long-term trial in a selected time period (1991-2000). The fertiliser regimes considered, are neither mineral fertiliser nor farmyard manure (without/without), mineral NPK and no farmyard manure (NPK/without), no mineral fertiliser and 10t ha m 1 a m 1 farmyard manure (without/10), mineral NPK and 10t ha m 1 a m 1 farmyard manure (NPK/10), no mineral fertiliser and 15t ha m 1 a m 1 farmyard manure (without/15), as well as mineral NPK and 15t ha m 1 a m 1 farmyard manure (NPK/15). The farmyard manure was only applicated to root crops. The crop rotation included sugar beets, spring barley, potatoes and winter wheat. In most cases, the treatment NPK/10 yielded in the most favourable results whereas the treatment without/without was the most unfavourable one. Sugar beets were - followed by winter wheat - the most profitable crops, potatoes the most unfavourable one. The fossil energy input was highly variable; it ranged from 4.1 to 24.3GJ ha m 1 a m 1 depending on fertiliser regime and crop. The total yield (based on main products and by-products) varied from 2.1 to 20.1t dry matter ha m 1 a m 1 , corresponding to an energy output between 3.4 and 33.6GJ ha m 1 a m 1 . The energetic parameters energy gain (net energy output) and energy intensity ranged form 25.5 to 315GJ ha m 1 a m 1 and from 143 to 1824MJ GE m 1 , respectively. The carbon balances resulted the highest C gain with the exclusive mineral fertilisation (NPK/without), followed from the treatment NPK/10. The same applies for the nitrogen balances.     

Effect of Different Mineral and Organic Fertilization on Uptake and Balance of Nutrients as well as on Contents of Dl-soluble Phosphorus and Potassium in a Long-term Trail

On the basis of results from stationary long-term trails the accumulating effects of different mineral-organic fertilization on the uptake and the balance of nutrients as well as DL-soluble P and K contents in soil was examined. The long-term varied fertilization affected the uptake and the balance of nutrients considerably. With farmyard-manure supplied doses of P and K caused a significant higher increase of the plant-available soil contents in comparison to the straw-fertilization and also to the pure mineral PK-supply. The organic fertilization obviously favours by increased humus contents and a thereby promoted biological activity the solubility behavior of phosphorus and potassium.     

俄罗斯优良番茄品种筛选及品比试验(二)

番茄是设施生产的主要蔬菜之一.近年来由于病害加剧,加之很少有抗性优良品种,致使番茄总产量呈下降趋势.为筛选适合北京地区栽培的优质、高产、抗病的番茄品种,引进了一批俄罗斯番茄品种进行试验观察.其中A-10、9-1、42号都是较优的品种.