不同硒源对大麦农艺性状的影响及富硒效应研究

为了探明不同硒源对大麦的效应,对六个大麦品种(系)分别施用三种硒源(富硒复混肥、硒矿粉、亚硒酸钠)后的农艺性状及籽粒含硒量进行了分析,结果表明:①不同硒源均能提高大麦籽粒的含硒量,其增加量为0.016～0.087 mg/kg,增幅为14.4%～78.0%,富硒复混肥的效果较优;②不同大麦品种(系)施硒的籽粒含硒量为0.133～0.187mg/kg,比对照提高10.36%～80.65%;③施硒对大麦生育期无明显影响,但株高和穗长有增加趋势,千粒重有降低趋势.     

富硒纳豆芽孢杆菌的选育试验

利用纳豆芽孢杆菌将无机硒生物转化为有机硒后,进行富硒纳豆的发酵试验.结果表明:纳豆芽孢杆菌能够进行无机硒的生物转化,其转化无机硒的最大浓度为1.0×10-6mol/L.过量的无机硒对纳豆芽孢杆菌具有明显的毒害作用,少量的无机硒可促进纳豆芽孢杆菌的生长.通过正交试验优化出富硒纳豆的最佳发酵条件为1 kg大豆中添加硒1.0×10-6mol,接种量7%,培养温度42℃,培养时间18 h,经检测此条件下发酵的纳豆硒含量为6.58μmol/kg,无机硒的转化率达73.6%.     

水培生菜对硒的吸收和转化

用不同硒浓度营养液以ＤＦＴ方式培养奶油生菜、红叶生菜、玻璃生菜３个品种，研究了它们对硒的吸收和转化，结果表明，３个品种吸收积累硒的能力有所差异，玻璃生菜＞奶油生菜＞红叶生菜。各品种茎叶含硒量均与营养液硒水平呈显著正相关，ｒ＞０．９８９９。３个品种对无机硒的转化率均在６０％以上，顺序是奶油生菜＞红叶生菜＞玻璃生菜。适当延长供硒的时间，有利于生菜体内无机硒向有机硒的转化，但不利于硒的积累     

山羊天然富硒饲料中毒时毛,血及组织中硒含量的变化

本研究用陕西省紫阳县双安所产富硒玉米饲喂山羊引起硒中毒后，测定毛、血及组织中硒含量的变化及其相关性。实验证明：血硒含量高于０．２μｇ／ｇ可作为山羊硒中毒的早期诊断指征；血硒含量高于０．５μｇ／ｇ、毛硒含量高于３μｇ／ｇ，临床症状明显，可作为山羊硒中毒的诊断指标；其毛硒和血硒含量变化之间呈正相关，且与临床症状相一致。山羊硒中毒后其组织中硒含量以肾脏最高，肝脏次之。两脏器病理变化亦最严重。     

硒锌和富啡酸配施对紫花苜蓿叶片抗氧化酶活性及产量的影响

在氮磷钾供应充分情况下,采用大田小区试验方法,通过播前基施硒（Se）、锌（Zn）微肥和腐殖酸（富啡酸,fulvic acid,FA）,设对照（CK,不施肥）、施氮磷钾（NPK）、增施富啡酸（NPK+FA）、增施锌、硒微肥（NPK+Zn+Se）、增施富啡酸和锌、硒微肥（NPK+FA+Zn+Se）等5个不同施肥处理,在严重缺硒和锌石灰性土壤中,研究了硒锌和富啡酸配施对紫花苜蓿叶片内过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）等抗氧化酶活性、游离脯氨酸（Pro）及丙二醛（MDA）和干草产量的影响。结果表明：两茬中叶片过氧化物酶（POD）活性均以NPK+FA处理最高,其次是NPK+FA+Zn+Se处理,说明富啡酸（FA）比微肥（Se+Zn）更能有效提高紫花苜蓿叶片过氧化物酶活性,而硒锌对其活性影响不显著;硒锌与富啡酸配施可显著提高紫花苜蓿叶片内游离脯氨酸（Pro）含量、过氧化氢酶（CAT）及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,从而显著提高紫花苜蓿抗氧化能力;但各施肥处理对丙二醛（MDA）无显著影响。施肥可显著提高紫花苜蓿产量,施用富啡酸比硒锌微肥的增产效果更明显,且硒锌与富啡酸配施效果最好。因此,在氮磷钾供应充足条件下,适量硒锌微肥或富啡酸均能显著提高紫花苜蓿的抗氧化能力及提高紫花苜蓿产量,且微肥和富啡酸配施效果最好。     

日粮中维生素E、硒水平对熟化过程中牛肉氧化稳定性的影响

研究了日粮维生素E、硒水平对熟化过程中牛肉氧化稳定性的影响。选择16头体重420～560kg的健康晋南牛阉牛,按体重分为4组,每组4头,试验期为2个月。试验采用2×2因子完全随机设计:维生素E的补饲水平为每头每天0和1000IU,硒的添加水平为0 10和0 40mg/kg。结果表明:与未补饲VE组相比,补饲1000IUVE可显著提高血浆和臀中肌α 生育酚含量(P<0 004),日粮中添加0 10和0 40mg/kg硒对组织α 生育酚含量影响差异不显著(P>0 05);日粮中添加0 40mg/kg硒组全血和臀中肌硒含量显著高于0 10mg/kg组(P<0 002);补饲1000IUVE和/日粮中添加0 40mg/kg硒可显著提高全血GPx(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)和熟化过程中臀中肌GPx酶活力(P<0 01),但对组织SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)酶活力影响差异不显著(P>0 05);补饲1000IUVE可显著抑制熟化过程中牛肉的脂质氧化(P<0 001),对牛肉的保水性能和颜色稳定性影响差异不显著(P>0 05);虽然提高日粮硒水平可明显增强熟化过程中牛肉GPx酶活力,但GPx酶活力的提高没有降低牛肉的TBARS值、滴水损失和METMB(高铁肌红蛋白)含量,该结果提示不同日粮硒水平对牛肉氧化稳定性没有显著影响。     

盛荚期喷施亚硒酸钠对大豆籽粒硒含量及单株产量的影响

为了研究喷施亚硒酸钠对大豆籽粒硒含量及单株产量的影响,采用裂区设计,主区为盛荚期喷施不同用量的亚硒酸钠,共5个处理（CK（清水）：0 g/hm²,C1:30 g/hm²,C2: 60 g/hm²,C3: 90 g/hm²,C4: 120 g/hm²）,副区为8个大豆品种。分析8个大豆品种在喷施5种用量亚硒酸钠处理中籽粒硒含量及单株产量变化规律。结果表明,试验地土壤达到富硒水平,在CK处理中,不同大豆品种籽粒硒含量均未达到富硒大豆标准,需要额外喷施硒肥。随着喷施亚硒酸钠用量的增加,8个大豆品种籽粒中硒含量均呈增加趋势,亚硒酸钠用量与大豆籽粒硒含量呈显著或者极显著正相关。8个大豆品种籽粒硒含量均值随亚硒酸钠用量的增加呈上升趋势,与CK相比,C1～C4处理均能极显著提高8个大豆品种籽粒硒含量均值,提高了571.186 %～2 489.831%。亚硒酸钠用量对大豆籽粒硒含量的影响大于大豆品种对大豆籽粒硒含量的影响。喷施亚硒酸钠用量（X）与每种用量下8个大豆籽粒硒含量均值（Y -均）的直线回归方程为Y -均=0.012X+0.003,r =0.986,达到极显著正相关。根据该方程,当大豆籽粒硒含量达到富硒大豆标准（0.1～1 mg/kg）,喷施亚硒酸钠用量的范围为8.08～83.08 g/hm²。分析喷施亚硒酸钠用量与大豆籽粒硒含量的回归方程发现,郑9525的回归方程斜率最大,C4处理中籽粒硒含量达到最大值1.997 mg/kg,籽粒富集硒能力最强;齐黄34斜率最小,C4处理中籽粒硒含量达到最小值1.133 mg/kg,籽粒富集硒能力最弱。在本试验条件下,喷施亚硒酸钠对大豆单株产量没有显著影响。大豆品种对单株产量的影响大于亚硒酸钠用量对单株产量的影响。     

Information technology and innovative drainage management practices for selenium load reduction from irrigated agriculture to provide stakeholder assurances and meet contaminant mass loading policy objectives

Many perceive the implementation of environmental regulatory policy, especially concerning non-point source pollution from irrigated agriculture, as being less efficient in the United States than in many other countries. This is partly a result of the stakeholder involvement process but is also a reflection of the inability to make effective use of Environmental Decision Support Systems (EDSS) to facilitate technical information exchange with stakeholders and to provide a forum for innovative ideas for controlling non-point source pollutant loading. This paper describes one of the success stories where a standardized Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methodology was modified to better suit regulation of a trace element in agricultural subsurface drainage and information technology was developed to help guide stakeholders, provide assurances to the public and encourage innovation while improving compliance with State water quality objectives. The geographic focus of the paper is the western San Joaquin Valley where, in 1985, evapo-concentration of selenium in agricultural subsurface drainage water, diverted into large ponds within a federal wildlife refuge, caused teratogenecity in waterfowl embryos and in other sensitive wildlife species. The fallout from this environmental disaster was a concerted attempt by State and Federal water agencies to regulate non-point source loads of the trace element selenium. The complexity of selenium hydrogeochemistry, the difficulty and expense of selenium concentration monitoring and political discord between agricultural and environmental interests created challenges to the regulation process. Innovative policy and institutional constructs, supported by environmental monitoring and the web-based data management and dissemination systems, provided essential decision support, created opportunities for adaptive management and ultimately contributed to project success. The paper provides a retrospective on the contentious planning process and offers suggestions as to how the technical and institutional issues could have been resolved faster through early adoption of some of the core principles of sound EDSS design.     

Strategies for increasing the selenium content of wheat

Selenium (Se) is essential for humans and animals but has no known function in plants. Excess accumulation is toxic to both plants and animals. Dietary intake of Se is low in a large number of people worldwide. This is due to low bioavailability of Se in some soils and consequently low concentrations of Se in plant tissues.Both selenate and selenite are taken up by plants and subsequently translocated around the plant. Selenate, an analogue of sulphate, is transported by the sulphate transporter family. Some plants are able to accumulate high internal concentrations of Se (hyperaccumulators); however, genetic variation in accumulation ability amongst non-accumulators such as cereals, is relatively small.Within plant tissues, Se enters the pathways for sulphate assimilation and metabolism and will replace cysteine and methionine in proteins, often with detrimental effect. Alternatively, Se may be accumulated as methylated derivatives or lost from the plant following volatilisation.Agronomic biofortification of crops with Se-containing fertilisers, which is practised in some countries, provides the best short-term solution for improving Se content of wheat. Longer-term genetic improvement, particularly by targeting substrate discrimination of transporters between selenate and sulphate, for example, may provide a means to enhance uptake and promote accumulation.     

土培条件下外源硒对黄芪吸收和转运硒的影响

以黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus)和2种价态的硒为主要研究对象,采用土壤盆栽试验方法探讨了添加不同浓度(0,2,4,6,8mg/kg土)硒酸钠(SeVI)和亚硒酸钠(SeIV)对黄芪地上部和根系硒累积与分配的影响。结果表明:土壤中添加硒浓度为2~6mg/kg的亚硒酸钠有利于黄芪地上部和根部干物质的累积,比CK增加34.55%~38.24%,但是添加硒浓度超过2mg/kg的硒酸钠抑制了黄芪植株的生长;添加不同浓度的2种形态硒均可显著提高黄芪地上部和根部硒浓度,且土壤中添加硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠的硒浓度分别与黄芪植株硒含量呈极显著正相关关系(SeVI:r=0.884**,SeIV:r=0.973**);随着硒处理浓度的升高,添加硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠处理的黄芪根系对硒吸收能力高于对照,转移系数和富集系数均大于1,且硒含量地上部根部,这表明土壤中添加外源硒可以提高黄芪对硒的吸收和转运能力。综上所述,在中性偏碱性土壤上施用硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠均可促进黄芪对外源硒的吸收、转运和累积,且土壤施用2~6mg/kg的亚硒酸钠对黄芪的生长和硒的累积效果更好。