不同种植年限设施芦笋土壤微生物群落结构与功能研究

以上海某设施园艺场长期设施芦笋种植土壤为研究对象,采用常规梯度稀释混菌平板法和Biolog-Eco微平板反应系统,研究了芦笋设施种植1、3、5、8及11年棚土壤微生物群落结构及功能多样性。结果表明:设施栽培芦笋后,土壤细菌种群数量减少,真菌数量增加,细菌与真菌数量比(B/F值)降低;除11年棚表现特殊外,随种植年限增加,土壤微生物代谢活性逐渐下降,5年和8年棚AWCD值均仅为对照1年棚的15%左右;土壤微生物代谢类群多样性减少,5年和8年棚的土壤微生物丰富度指数(S)均仅为对照1年棚的72%左右,Shannon指数均为对照1年棚的82%左右,Mc Intosh指数则均为对照1年棚的90%;不同种植年限芦笋设施土壤中微生物群落的碳源代谢特征发生了明显的分异变化,主成分分析表明,这种变化主要体现在对6种碳水化合物和5种氨基酸碳源的代谢利用上;设施芦笋土壤微生物参数指标对土壤p H和EC值变化响应敏感,另外,土壤速效磷和速效钾含量也是影响土壤微生物代谢和区系分异的2个主要因素。     

Yield estimation of 1-year-old asparagus grown using rootstock-planting forcing culture

Rootstock-planting forcing culture was developed in asparagus to harvest spears even during the seasons when the plants become dormant, but the demand for them high. In this study, cumulative hours during which the air temperature remained lower than 5°C, i.e. chilling hours (CHs), were calculated to determine dormancy breakage for asparagus cultures. We also measured CIELab colour values for cut stems immediately before rootstock digging, and determined whether they could be substituted and/or compensated for CHs while evaluating asparagus plant productivity in different low-temperature backgrounds, and obtained regression equations for yield estimation. Asparagus seedlings were cultivated in seven different regions across Japan and brought to the study site for harvesting. Our regression equation based on CHs and rootstock weight for yield estimation had relatively high fitness (adjusted R² = 0.5795). The colour values of cut stalks at rootstock digging can also be used to evaluate their productivity. These values can be useful in regions where CHs cannot be determined, although their effectiveness was slightly lower than that of CHs of areas adjacent to the study sites.     

俄罗斯黄花草木樨生物活性成分资源的分布与开发利用

为了查明生物活性成分在黄花草木樨根、茎、叶、子中的含量与分布特征,本研究重点开展了黄花草木樨活性成分的检测及田间开发试验。分别采用凯式定氮法和高效气相色谱法测蛋白质;氨基酸自动分析仪法测氨基酸;气相色谱-质谱、分子蒸馏仪检测脂肪酸;重量法检测皂苷与生物碱;高效液相色谱仪检测香豆素;福林试剂比色法检测多酚;蒽铜-硫酸比色法检测多糖;亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝-氢氧化钠比色法检测黄酮。按产量测算后,得出每公顷牧草生物活性成分的总产量为3016.3 kg/hm2。其中粗蛋白质、氨基酸和粗脂肪酸原料的产量分别为1400.6 kg/hm2,112.2 kg/hm2,1246.8 kg/hm2。有效成分皂苷、生物碱、多酚、香豆素的产量分别为97.0 kg/hm2、77.9 kg/hm2、41.7 kg/hm2、40.1 kg/hm2。上述成分经分离提取纯化后,可作为开发医药、食物、化工等生物技术产品的天然原料。本文为开发利用植物自然资源提供了新的途径。     

基于文献计量学的山茱萸研究现状分析

山茱萸具有降血糖、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗菌等功能作用,开发山茱萸资源具有重要意义,其研究受到广大科技工作者的关注。为了解近10年来山茱萸的研究现状,本文采用文献计量学方法,以中国学术期刊网络出版总库(CNKI)2009—2018年的数据为检索对象,从年度分布、研究机构、学科分类、期刊来源等方面分析山茱萸研究文献,以期为研究者提供参考。     

Comparative Analysis of Genomes in Oryza sativa, O.officinalis, and O. meyeriana with C0t-1 DNA and Genomic DNA of Cultivated Rice

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) were applied to somatic chromosomes preparations of Oryza sativa, O. officinalis, and O. meyeriana with labeled probes of C0t-1 DNA and genomic DNA from the cultivated rice. The coverage percentage (%) and size (Mb) of C0t-1 DNA in O. sativa, O. officinalis, and O. meyeriana were 47.1 ±0.16, 38.61 ±0.13, 44.38±0.13, and 212.33± 1.21,269.42 ± 0.89, 532.56± 1.68 Mb, respectively. The coverage percentage and size of genomic DNA from O. sativa in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were 91.0, 93.6% and 634, 1 123 Mb, respectively, in which 365 and 591 Mb in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were from O. sativa genomic DNA, but not from repetitive sequences of O. sativa, and the uncoverage genome size in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were 64 and 78 Mb, respectively. In addition, karyotype analysis was conducted based on the signal bands of C0t-1 DNA in O. sativa, O. officinalis, and O. meyeriana. The results showed that highly and moderately repetitive sequences in Oryza genus were conserved as the functional genes during evolution. The repetitive sequences reduplication may be one of the important causes of the genome enlargement of O. officinalis and O. meyeriana, and O. officinalis genome enlarged more slowly when compared with O. meyeriana. Based on the above results, it is concluded that O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were formed by reduplication, rearrangement, and gene selective loss during the evolution process.     

豫西山区山茱萸的营养特性与产业化开发

对豫西山区山茱萸资源的分布状况、营养成分、保健功能及开发前景进行了评述,并对其产业化开发途径提出了建议。     

多指标优化提取地榆有效成分工艺研究

采用加热回流方法提取地榆中的有效成分,分别以地榆中黄酮、皂苷和鞣质提取率为指标,考察同时提取这三种成分的影响因素（乙醇浓度、溶剂倍量、提取时间、提取温度和粒径）和最佳提取条件。结果表明,以60%乙醇为溶剂,药材粉碎粒径为20～40目,溶剂倍量为60,80℃下浸提1.5h的条件下提取效果最佳,在此条件下能够最好的兼顾三种有效成分的综合提取效率。     

药用植物厚朴开发利用现状、问题及对策

阐述了国内外对厚朴的开发利用现状及存在的问题:厚朴主要药理成分环境形成与积累机制不清、厚朴的道地性和真伪难以把握、厚朴种质资源评价体系尚未建立及过度开发引起的植物渐危问题。提出建立上升到国家层面上的野生厚朴种质资源库、选择核心质量性状指标对种质资源利用价值进行筛选评价、充分利用分子标记手段进行厚朴的选育工作、采用现代生物技术手段建立厚朴组织培养和细胞悬浮培养体系,重视并加快厚朴药材种植质量控制技术研究,进而建立厚朴规模化利用的技术规范与体系的对策。     

山茱萸叶片DNA提取方法及ISSR反应体系构建

山茱萸成熟叶片中多糖及多酚类物质含量较高,传统CTAB法提取其叶片DNA效果较差,该研究在传统的CTAB提取法的基础上进行了改良,经DNA原液电泳检测及PCR产物的电泳检测表明,该法适用于提取硅胶快速干燥保存的山茱萸叶片的DNA。在此基础上,对山茱萸ISSR反应体系中的退火温度、引物浓度及模板用量进行了筛选,结果表明,在25μL的反应体系中,引物UBC847的最佳退火温度为55.2℃,引物最佳浓度为0.8μmol/L,模板最佳用量为70 ng,初步构建了山茱萸ISSR反应体系。     

迷迭香中迷迭香酸提取工艺的优化

采用正交试验优化迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis)中迷迭香酸的提取工艺,考察了乙醇体积分数、提取时间、料液比等因素对迷迭香酸提取率的影响.结果表明,迷迭香酸的最佳提取工艺条件为采用超声波辅助提取40 min,乙醇体积分数为15％,料液比为1∶20(m/V,g∶mL).所筛选出来的最佳提取工艺稳定可行,重现性好.