Acoustic evaluation of the vertical distribution of dwarf ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis in Lake Biwa

SUMMARY: The vertical distribution of dwarf ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis in the pelagic waters of Lake Biwa was evaluated from June to September in 1995–97 from eight acoustic surveys using a quantitative echosounder. In each survey, echoes from a depth range of 3 m to the sea bottom were collected at a station every 2.7 s for 24 h together with measurements of vertical profiles of water temperature and chlorophyll-a. The ayu's echoes were identified using an underwater video camera. The ayu were observed near the maximum chlorophyll-a depth and above the thermocline. Their density was highest at depths of 4–11 m with 2–4 individuals/m ³ and was almost zero below 20 m. Echo signs were recorded as having a frequent duration of more than 1 h at night, whereas were of a shorter duration in the day. The fish stay in the epilimnion during the day without any clear vertical migration, but are distributed more uniformly at night. The advantages of remaining in the epilimnion are discussed in terms of food availability and predator avoidance.     

Die Wurzelentwicklung von Zuckerrübenpflanzen auf einem Sandlöß-Standort und ihre Bedeutung für die Stickstoffernährung

Root development of sugar beet plants on a sandy loess site with regard to nitrogen nutrition.
Root development of sugar beet plants in a sandy loess soil (Haplic Phaeozem) was observed from the early seedling stage up to harvest by measuring at first the greatest vertical and lateral extension of the root systems of single plants and later the rooting density of the whole plant stands (auger method, profile wall method).
During the seedling stage not only the subsoil, but also large parts of the topsoil between the plants remained unoccupied by the root systems. In this phase the greatest lateral extension of single roots reaches nearly the length of the greatest leaf of the plant. With the closure of the canopy the rooting density in the topsoil accounts to 1–2 cm cm⁻³.
In summer roots penetrate to a depth of 100–150 cm with rooting densities of 0.1 to 1 cm - cm⁻³. Thus, the plants gain not only access to water reserves, but sometimes meet remarkable amounts of nitrate which under the relatively dry conditions of the region tends to accumulate in 60–120 cm depth and – when taken up by the beet plants in the late stage of growth – affects crop quality negatively.     

In situ radiometric mapping of soil erosion and field-moist bulk density on cultivated fields

Abstract. Recent developments in in situγ ray spectrometry offer a new approach to measuring the activity of radionuclides such as ¹³⁷Cs and ⁴⁰K in soils, and thus estimating erosion or deposition rates and field moist bulk density (ρ_m). Such estimates would be rapid and involve minimal site disturbance, especially important where archaeological remains are present. This paper presents the results of a pilot investigation of an eroded field in Scotland in which a portable hyper pure germanium (HPGe) detector was used to measure γ ray spectra in situ. The gamma (γ) photon flux observed at the soil surface is a function of the ¹³⁷Cs inventory, its depth distribution characteristics and ρ_m. A coefficient, Q_Cs, derived from the forward scattering of ¹³⁷Cs γ ray photons within the soil profile relative to the ¹³⁷Cs full energy peak (662 keV), was used to correct the in situ calibration for changes in the ¹³⁷Cs vertical distribution in the ploughed field, a function of tillage, soil accumulation and ρ_m. Based on only 8 measurements, the agreement between in situγ ray spectrometry and soil sample measurements of ¹³⁷Cs inventories improved from a non significant r²=0.05 to a significant r²=0.62 (P<0.05). Erosion and deposition rates calculated from the corrected in situ¹³⁷Cs measurements had a similarly good agreement with those calculated from soil cores. Mean soil bulk density was also calculated using a separate coefficient, Q_K, derived from the forward scattering γ photons from ⁴⁰K within the soil relative to the ⁴⁰K full energy peak (1460 keV). Again there was good agreement with soil core measurements (r²=0.64; P<0.05). The precision of the in situ¹³⁷Cs measurement was limited by the precision with which Q_Cs can be estimated, a function of the low ¹³⁷Cs deposition levels associated with the weapons testing fallout and relatively low detector efficiency (35%). In contrast, the precision of the in situ ρ_m determination was only limited by the spatial variability associated with soil sampling.     

不同区域及栽培密度下耐密植芝麻新品种豫黑芝1号产量及产量相关性状变化分析

芝麻是我国重要的特色优质油料作物。提高芝麻单产水平是实现我国粮油安全生产的重要举措。为建立芝麻高产高效栽培模式,本研究以耐密植黑芝麻新品种豫黑芝1号为试验材料,在3个产区(漯河、信阳和三门峡),开展了不同栽培密度(12万株/hm2、15万株/hm2、18万株/hm2、21万株/hm2)下豫黑芝1号产量及产量相关性状变化分析。结果显示,豫黑芝1号在不同产区的生育期差异明显;种植密度对豫黑芝1号的株高、有效果节数、主茎果轴长、单株蒴果数、千粒重和单株产量等性状变化程度不同;对小区产量及单株产量影响显著。在21万株/hm2密度下,豫黑芝1号单产水平最高达到1463.33 kg/hm2(三门峡)。研究为芝麻高产高效生产提供了技术支持。     

Effect of bulk density and soil water tension on denitrification in the rhizosphere of spring wheat (Triticum vulgare

Summary Pot experiments were carried out to study the influence of bulk density (D _b), soil water tension (pF) and presence of plants (spring wheat) on denitrification in a low-humus B_t-horizon of a udalf. Pots of only 5-cm depth were found to be most suitable for the experiments when using the acetylene inhibition method. Almost homogeneous soil compaction between 1.1 and 1.6g soil cm^–3 was achieved by a Proctor tamper. Water tensions were adjusted by means of ceramic plates on which negative pressure was applied. No denitrification was detected in unplanted pots. With planted pots and increasing bulk density denitrification increased more in pots with 14-day-old plants than in pots with 7-day-old plants. With 14-day-old plants N₂O emission pot^–1 increased steadily from 2 mol at D _b 1.1 to 8 mol at D _b 1.6, when soil moisture was adjusted to pF 1.5, although root growth was impaired by higher bulk density. From an experiment with different bulk densities and water tensions it could be deduced that the air-filled porosity ultimately determined the rate of denitrification. When low water tension was applied for a longer period, water tension had an overriding effect on total denitrification. Denitrification intensity, however, i.e. the amount of N₂O g^–1 root fresh weight, was highest when low water tension was accompanied by high bulk density. The results suggest that the increase in denitrification intensity at oxygen stress is partly due to higher root exudation.     

Distribution of phosphatase activity and various bacterial phyla in the rhizosphere of Hordeum vulgare L. depending on P availability

Despite the importance of the rhizosphere for nutrient turnover, little is known about the spatial patterns of organic phosphorus mineralization by plants and by microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Therefore, the distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity and the abundance of bacteria belonging to various bacterial phyla were investigated in the rhizosphere of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as dependent on the availability of inorganic P. For this purpose, we conducted a greenhouse experiment with barley growing in inclined boxes that can be opened to the bottom side (rhizoboxes), and applied soil zymography and fluorescence-in situ-hybridization (FISH). Acid phosphatase activity was strongly associated with the root and was highest at the root tips. Due to P fertilization, acid phosphatase activity decreased in the bulk soil, and less strongly in the rhizosphere. Alkaline phosphatase activity, i.e., microbial phosphatase activity was high throughout the soil in the control treatment and was reduced due to inorganic P fertilization especially in the rhizosphere and less strongly in the bulk soil. P-fertilization slightly increased the total number of bacteria in the rhizosphere. Moreover, P-fertilization decreased the abundance of Firmicutes and increased the abundances of Beta- and Gamma-Proteobacteria. The total number of bacterial cells was significantly higher at the root surface than at the root tip and at a distance of 30 μm from the root surface. Our results show that alkaline phosphatase activity decreased more strongly in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil due to P fertilization, which might be because of greater C deficiency in the bulk soil compared to the rhizosphere. Furthermore, the results indicate a spatial separation between hotspots of acid phosphatase activity and hotspots of bacteria in the rhizosphere of H. vulgare. Taken together, our study shows that bacteria and phosphatase activity were very heterogeneously distributed in soil, and that the effects of P fertilization on phosphatase activity differed strongly between bulk soil and rhizosphere as well as between various zones of the rhizosphere.     

不同轮作模式下小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的发生动态和种群密度

轮作是防治小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的重要农业措施,为了明确青海省春麦区不同轮作模式对小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的控制效果,采用田间大区试验法对生产中应用的6种轮作模式进行了研究。结果表明:不同轮作模式下,小麦禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度变化差异极显著,其中小麦与马铃薯、油菜、蚕豆轮作两年或以上能有效降低小麦禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度,土壤中的孢囊量减少39.31%~84.39%,单孢虫口数量减少73.21%~95.35%,虫口密度减少83.76%~97.82%;不同作物间,小麦与马铃薯或蚕豆的轮作效果(虫口密度减少74.39%~79.37%)显著优于小麦与油菜的轮作效果(虫口密度减少67.16%)。在同一地块相同条件下,种植油菜、蚕豆、马铃薯、小麦4种作物,小麦禾谷孢囊线虫均能正常孵化,4月底土壤中的2龄幼虫(J2)量增加,5月上旬达到高峰期,5月中旬开始,土壤中的J2、孢囊量、虫口密度和单孢虫口数量均急剧下降,6月至7月份下降幅度小,趋于稳定;田间空孢囊率于5月中旬至6月中旬急剧增加,7月份趋于稳定,8月份以前,4种作物田禾谷孢囊线虫的孵化动态和种群密度变化趋势一致,8月中旬,小麦田随着新孢囊脱落到土壤中,禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度开始上升,小麦收获后土壤中的孢囊量比播种前增加28.62%,虫口密度增加41.30%;而油菜、蚕豆、马铃薯田土壤中的孢囊量比播种前减少32.27%~48.36%,虫口密度减少70.91%~81.73%,8月中旬至10月份小麦田禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度极显著高于油菜、蚕豆、马铃薯田。     

花生不同施钙量、密度对产量影响的裂区试验

探讨不同施钙量、不同播种密度对花生产量的影响,为生产上提供施用钙肥与合理播种密度的理论依据。采用两因素裂区试验,A(施钙量)因素为主处理,设有4个水平,即:A1为0石灰/hm2、A2为300kg石灰/hm2、A3为600kg石灰/hm2、A4为900kg石灰/hm2;B(播种密度)因素为副处理,设有4个水平,即:B124万粒/hm2、B228.5万粒/hm2、B331.5万粒/hm2、B436万粒/hm2;3次重复。实验结果表明:施用300石灰/hm2、播种密度28.5万粒/hm2,可获得较高产量,达到3202.83 kg/hm2和最高的净收入,达到11531.16元/hm2。     

不同密度对棉花根系生长与分布的影响

 利用根钻挖掘法研究了大田条件下6个种植密度对棉花根系生长分布的影响。结果表明：1.5万～8.7万株·hm^-2密度水平根干物质质量密度、根长密度在吐絮之前持续增加,而10.5万株·hm^-2处理在盛铃期后出现下降。在盛蕾期至初花期,棉花根干物质质量密度、根长密度均随种植密度的增加而增大;在盛花期至吐絮初期,根干物质质量密度以3.3万株·hm-2处理最高,3.3万～10.5万株·hm^-2处理根长密度显著高于1.5万株·hm^-2。根系垂直分布结果表明,0～30 cm土层内的根干物质质量和根长分别占所测土体中根量的67.80%～97.44%和54.01%～93.33%。低密度处理（1.5万株·hm^-2、3.3万株·hm^-2）的浅层（0～20 cm）根干物质质量密度和根长密度在盛蕾期均低于其它处理,深层（30～60 cm）根干物质质量密度和根长密度在初花期至盛铃期低于其它处理。吐絮初期,各密度处理根长密度在深层土壤有显著差异。     

油菜菌核病发生流行与菌源量、气候因子关系分析及病情预测模型的建立

为探究油菜菌核病田间发生流行的影响因子并建立病情预测模型,采用田间调查法测定油菜田菌核密度、子囊盘密度、花朵带菌率,并分析了2008—2014年各气候因子与病叶率、成熟期茎秆病株率、病情指数之间的关系。结果显示,田间菌核密度、子囊盘密度、花朵带菌率与病叶率及成熟期茎秆病株率均呈极显著正相关;2月下旬至5月上旬日均气温及2月下旬至4月上旬日均相对湿度、降雨量及降雨天数与各年度成熟期病株率及病情指数均呈显著正相关,而日照时数与各年度成熟期病株率及病情指数均呈极显著负相关。以油菜盛花期花朵带菌率作为指标,可预测其田间成熟期病株率;以降雨量(x_2)、降雨天数(x_3)及日照时数(x_4)与各年度成熟期病株率(y_1)及病情指数(y_2)分别建立了预测模型y_1=15.47+0.07x_2+0.42x_3-0.03x_4和y_2=10.36+0.07x_2+0.38x_3-0.03x_4,其拟合度均最高,分别为99.07%和98.43%,可作为油菜成熟期茎秆发病株率及病情指数的预测模型。表明油菜菌核病菌源量和气候因子是影响病害发生流行的关键因子。