纤维素酶渣替代黄豆饲喂杂交奶牛试验

采用纤维素酶渣替代黄豆对西黄杂奶牛(西门塔尔×本地黄牛)作饲喂对比试验,并对其产奶量及奶品质进行观察。结果表明:试验组比对照组牛日产奶量平均提高1 88kg,其乳蛋白和乳糖含量也有不同程度的提高。     

气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)测定蔬菜中甲基对硫磷农药和呋喃丹的优化

利用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)同时测定及确定蔬菜中甲基对硫磷农药和克百威(呋喃丹)的残留量。研究了振荡提取时间、提取剂用量、盐加入量、浓缩条件等操作条件对分析方法的影响。得到的优化分析条件如下:振荡提取时间为90 min、提取剂用量为70 mL、盐加入量为3 g、浓缩条件为温度50℃低压0.09 atm;该方法的相对标准偏差<10%,样品的加标回收率为甲基对硫磷82.5%、克百威为93.5%。本方法可以满足这2种杀虫剂在蔬菜中的检测要求。     

核桃壳液化及其与甲醛反应能力的研究

本文探讨了核桃壳在120℃、液比为3/1和催化剂(浓硫酸,用量为苯酚的3%)条件下液化,通过液化体系内游离苯酚和残渣含量的分析以及液化体系与甲醛反应能力的分析发现:核桃壳的酚解和酚化反应主要发生在反应初期,后期逐渐减弱;液化体系内总的活性量由两部分组成,一是液化体系内游离苯酚贡献的活性量,二是体系内液化产物贡献的活性量;随着反应时间的进行,游离苯酚折算的耗醛量逐渐减少,液化产物的耗醛量逐渐增加,而总的液化体系中消耗甲醛的能力在逐渐的减弱。     

Long-term impact of reduced tillage and residue management on soil carbon stabilization: Implications for conservation agriculture on contrasting soils

Residue retention and reduced tillage are both conservation agricultural management options that may enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilization in tropical soils. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of long-term tillage and residue management on SOC dynamics in a Chromic Luvisol (red clay soil) and Areni-Gleyic Luvisol (sandy soil) in Zimbabwe. At the time of sampling the soils had been under conventional tillage (CT), mulch ripping (MR), clean ripping (CR) and tied ridging (TR) for 9 years. Soil was fully dispersed and separated into 212–2000 μm (coarse sand), 53–212 μm (fine sand), 20–53 μm (coarse silt), 5–20 μm (fine silt) and 0–5 μm (clay) size fractions. The whole soil and size fractions were analyzed for C content. Conventional tillage treatments had the least amount of SOC, with 14.9 mg C g⁻¹ soil and 4.2 mg C g⁻¹ soil for the red clay and sandy soils, respectively. The highest SOC content was 6.8 mg C g⁻¹ soil in the sandy soil under MR, whereas for the red clay soil, TR had the highest SOC content of 20.4 mg C g⁻¹ soil. Organic C in the size fractions increased with decreasing size of the fractions. In both soils, the smallest response to management was observed in the clay size fractions, confirming that this size fraction is the most stable. The coarse sand-size fraction was most responsive to management in the sandy soil where MR had 42% more organic C than CR, suggesting that SOC contents of this fraction are predominantly controlled by amounts of C input. In contrast, the fine sand fraction was the most responsive fraction in the red clay soil with a 66% greater C content in the TR than CT. This result suggests that tillage disturbance is the dominant factor reducing C stabilization in a clayey soil, probably by reducing C stabilization within microaggregates. In conclusion, developing viable conservation agriculture practices to optimize SOC contents and long-term agroecosystem sustainability should prioritize the maintenance of C inputs (e.g. residue retention) to coarse textured soils, but should focus on the reduction of SOC decomposition (e.g. through reduced tillage) in fine textured soils.     

Influence of tillage and crop residue on soil physical properties and yields of rice and wheat under shallow water table conditions

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of tillage and residue incorporation on soil properties and yields of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rotation for 4 years on a silty clay loam of an Aquic Hapludoll with natural water table fluctuating between 0.05 and 0.97 m depth The rice experiment was laid out in split plot design with four levels of tillage, viz. conventional puddling (CP), puddling by four passes of rotavator (PR), reduced puddling by two passes of rotavator (ReP), and direct seeding without puddling (DSWP) and two levels of residue, viz. residue incorporation (RI) and residue removal (RR) in four replications. The treatments for wheat were zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) with RI and RR superimposed over the plots of rice. Tillage for rice increased puddling index and bulk density (BD) over the years. The increase was significantly higher in CP and PR than in ReP. In wheat season, BD was higher under ZT than under CT but the differences were not significant. Puddling decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity with time, which became significantly lower in CP and PR in the fourth year than in ReP in the first year. Infiltration rate (IR) also decreased with time and was lowest in CP and PR. In wheat season, IR was at par under ZT and CT. Rice yield in PR was maximum and at par with that in ReP. But wheat yield was lowest in PR and highest in DSWP, and was at par in DSWP and ReP. Thus, rice yields were optimum under ReP, in which changes in soil properties were least, and wheat yields were optimum both under ZT and CT in the DSWP and ReP plots of rice under shallow water table conditions of the silty clay loam.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测猪肉中20种违禁药物残留的研究

建立了猪肉中违禁药物（糖皮质激素、性激素、β2-肾上腺素受体激动剂、玉米赤霉烯酮4类）同时测定的高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法。试样经盐酸水解,乙酸乙酯提取,低温冷冻去除脂类,亲水亲脂平衡固相萃取柱净化。采用C18反相色谱柱分离,以乙腈+水为流动相梯度洗脱,分别在电喷雾离子源正、负离子模式下以多反应监测模式（MRM）分段扫描同时检测,基质匹配内标法定量。结果表明,20种违禁药物在相应的浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.99;该方法在猪肉中的检测限（LOD,S/N=3）和定量限（LOQ,S/N=10）分别为0.5、1.0 μg/kg。在0.5~10 μg/kg添加浓度水平下,平均回收率为63.9%~117%,批内变异系数1.9%~9.1%,批间变异系数4.9%~13.1%。该方法简单、快速、准确,适用于猪肉中多类违禁药物的残留检测。     

河三角洲地区棉田地膜残留特征研究

为准确掌握黄河三角洲地区棉田土壤残膜的分布特征、科学制定棉田地膜污染防治对策,在黄河三角洲棉花主产区东营市开展了棉田地膜调查与残留监测研究,选择5个典型棉田进行取样,测定土壤中的残膜数量、分布密度及残膜面积等.结果表明:20年以上棉田的土壤地膜残留量为18.84～53.53 kg/hm2,地块间差异较大.地膜残留密度22.5万块/hm2～34.0万块/hm2,残膜大小差异较大;25 cm2以上的残膜占残膜总块数的94.1％,100 cm2～500 cm2的残膜占一半以上,500 cm2以上的大片残膜约占21％.黄河三角洲棉区,土壤中地膜残留以”残块大、厚度薄、回收难”为主要特征,并具有向深土层迁移的可能,生态风险较高.     

植物饼渣液体有机肥生产关键技术研究进展

以植物饼渣为主要原料,运用生物技术和物理化学方法相应设计了生产液体有机肥完整的工艺流程。文章主要介绍了目标营养元素的确定、水解条件的优化、蛋白酶产生菌种的培育以及大量营养元素强化等技术,针对各种控制方法,阐述了其原理、应用条件及研究进展情况,提出了低成本规模化制作植物液体有机肥的新思路,为有机肥料的资源化利用提供了参考。     

吡喹酮及其主要代谢产物在草鱼体内代谢动力学研究

[目的]研究吡喹酮及其主要代谢产物在草鱼体内的代谢动力学规律。[方法]运用高效液相色谱法(HPLC),研究淡水草鱼在单次口灌给药10 mg/kg剂量条件下,鱼体各组织中吡喹酮(PZQ)及吡喹酮一羟基代谢物(M1)的药动学差异。[结果]草鱼血浆、肠道、肝脏和肾脏内PZQ在各个时间点的药物浓度存在极显著差异(P0.01);PZQ在血浆、肠道、肝脏和肾脏的达峰时间分别为1.0、0.5、1.0和1.0 h,而药物峰浓度为0.41、0.45、0.72和0.44 mg/L,M1在血浆、肠道、肝脏和肾脏的达峰时间分别为48.0、0.5、6.0和48.0 h,而药物峰浓度为0.72、0.45、0.42和0.42 mg/g。这表明PZQ在草鱼体内吸收分布快,M1的达峰时间滞后于PZQ。二者达峰浓度相似表明M1是PZQ在草鱼体内主要代谢物。PZQ在血浆、肠道、肝脏和肾脏的消除半衰期(t_(1/2))分别为16.41、4.77、37.16和8.74 h,M1在血浆、肠道、肝脏和肾脏的消除半衰期(t_(1/2))分别为124、71、246和162 h,其消除半衰期明显比PZQ长,说明在鱼体中M1的残留时间比PZQ更长。[结论]在实际生产中,应注意对M1的检测。     

科学理解农药最大残留限量的概念

农药在作物及食品生产中的有益作用已为世界所公认,但是食品中残留微量农药是否对人体健康有危害仍是目前人们关注的焦点。允许的农药残留不应该对人体健康产生影响,因为任何农药在可以使用前必须经过一个包括科学的风险评估在内的农药登记管理程序的评审。最大残留限量（MRLs）是指在优良农业措施（GAP）下使用某农药可能产生的在食物中的最高残留浓度（单位为mg/kg, 指每公斤商品中残留农药的毫克数）,其数值必须是毒理学上可以接受的。MRLs的主要作用是来检验食品生产过程是否严格执行GAP,以及帮助经农药处理的农产品在国际贸易中正常进行进出口活动。MRLs不是一个绝对的安全限量,即接触残留超标的食品并不一定肯定意味着对健康有危害。但是MRLs也经常作为食品安全管理的第一道防线,成为保障人类健康最初级的预警机制。MRLs是各国政府和联合国食品法典委员会设定的,这些设定的标准被应用于国际贸易中。