哺乳动物卵母细胞发育机理的研究进展

卵母细胞的成熟过程是一个复杂的减数分裂过程，许多分子参与了这个过程的调控，本文就卵母细胞成熟抑制因子（OMI）、成熟促进因子（MPF）、生长分化因子（GDF）、微管辅助蛋白（MAP）、激素、Ca^2 及钙调素等对卵母细胞发育调控机理作一综述。     

Role of IP3R in LH-EGFR-induced mouse oocyte meiotic resumption

AIM: To explore the effect of inositol 1, 4, 5-trisposphate receptor (IP₃R) in luteinizing hormone-epidermal growth factor receptor (LH-EGFR)-induced oocyte meiotic resumption. METHODS: Models of mouse cumulus-oocyte complexs (COCs) culture and follicle culture in vitro were generated to study the effects of 2-aminoethyl diphenyl borate (2-APB) and heparin (IP₃R specific inhibitors) on LH/EGF-induced oocyte meiotic resumption and EGF-induced cumulus cell expansion. Real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of cumulus expansion-related factors. The changes of the intracellular calcium level were monitored using Fluo 3-AM, and the cGMP level was measured by ELISA. RESULTS: The inhibitors of IP₃R, 2-APB and heparin, dramatically reversed EGF-induced oocyte maturation (P<0.05) and decreased cGMP levels in COCs (P<0.05). In addition, 2-APB and heparin reversed EGF-induced cumulus expansion, and significantly inhibited EGF-induced cumulus expansion-related factor expression (P<0.05). The activation of IP₃R increased intracellular calcium level, and the study found that 2-APB and heparin dramatically reversed EGF-induced elevation of calcium level in cumulus cells (P<0.05). Follicular culture in vitro showed that 2-APB and heparin significantly reversed the LH-induced oocyte maturation (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: LH-EGFR signaling pathway increases calcium level in cumulus cells through IP₃R, resulting in meiotic resumption.     

Serotonin induces ovarian maturation in giant freshwater prawn broodstock, Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man

This study investigated the effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5HT) on ovarian development in Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man. Adult female prawns at the ovarian stage I (spent) were injected with 5HT at 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 μg g^− 1 body weight (BW) intramuscularly on days 0, 5 and 10, and sacrificed on day 15. The doses as related to the effect could be categorized into three levels: low (1 and 5 μg g^− 1 BW of 5HT), medium (10 and 20 μg g^− 1 BW of 5HT) and high (50 μg g^− 1 BW of 5HT). The low-dose, especially at 1 μg g^− 1 BW, caused prawns to exhibit a significant increase in ovarian index (ovarian weight/body weight × 100) (5.79 ± 0.09%) as compared to the control (1.49%). The ovaries of most of these prawns could develop to stage IV (mature) and contained synchronously mature oocytes while most of the control ovaries remained at stage I and II (proliferative), and contained only oogonia to previtellogenic (Oc1, Oc2) and early vitellogenic oocytes (Oc3). The medium- and high-dose treated prawns exhibited ovaries that could reach stages III and IV and contained various types of oocytes of different maturity. Pretreatment with 5HT receptor antagonist, cyproheptadine (CYP), at 10 μg g^− 1 BW before 5HT injection significantly suppressed the effect of 5HT. Intramuscular injection of the 5HT-primed thoracic ganglion culture medium into CYP-pretreated prawns resulted in the increase of ovarian index about 5–6 times more than in the control, and in the groups injected with 5HT-primed media from muscle strip, eyestalk and brain. The ovaries of most prawn could develop up to stage IV and contained synchronously developed vitellogenic (Oc4) and mature oocytes (Oc5). These findings suggest that 5HT indirectly induces ovarian development and oocytes maturation in M. rosenbergii, probably via a putative ovarian stimulating factor released from the thoracic ganglia.     

两种激活处理促进小鼠孤雌胚胎原核形成

不同人工处理方法激活哺乳动物卵母细胞的机理相似,但其激活效率存在差异。本研究以昆明（KM）、129/Sv×KM F1和C3H×KM F1雌鼠来源的卵母细胞为对象,利用氯化锶（SrCl2,Sr2＋）联合细胞松弛素B（cytochalasin B,CB）（Sr2＋＋CB）和离子霉素（ionomycin,Ion）联合6-二甲胺基嘌呤（6-dimethylaminopurine,6-DMAP）（Ion＋6-DMAP）两种激活方法处理下对比分析不同品系小鼠卵母细胞的激活效率,并以卵母细胞原核形成率、原核数量和孤雌胚胎体外发育来评价两种激活剂的激活效率。研究结果表明,Ion＋6-DMAP激活卵的1原核比率显著高于2原核（p〈0.05）,Sr2＋＋CB激活卵的2原核比率显著高于1原核（p〈0.05）;KM、129/Sv×KM F1和C3H×KM F1各组孤雌胚胎卵裂率和激活率没有显著差异（P〉0.05）,但129/Sv×KM F1和C3H×KM F1囊胚发育率显著高于KM组（p〈0.05）。3种小鼠品系的卵母细胞用Sr2＋＋CB处理的孤雌胚胎发育率显著高于Ion＋6-DMAP。结果证明,Sr2＋＋CB处理小鼠卵母细胞的激活效率明显优于Ion＋6-DMAP;129/Sv×KM F1和C3H×KM F1的孤雌胚胎体外发育率显著高于KM小鼠,为研究小鼠遗传背景影响孤雌胚胎发育的机理提供参考。     

山羊卵泡卵母细胞体外成熟的研究

为了建立针对山羊卵母细胞的理想体外成熟培养体系,对山羊卵泡卵母细胞的采集方法,FSH和LH对山羊卵泡卵母细胞体外成熟的作用,及培养时间对卵母细胞体外成熟的影响进行了研究。结果表明:采用切割法平均每枚卵巢采集到的A,B级卵母细胞的数量明显多于抽吸法;采用TCM199添加体积分数为10?S,1~2 mg/L 17β_E2,10 mmol/L Hepes,0.12 mg/mL丙酮酸钠,0.1 mg/mL链霉素和0.125 mg/mL青霉素,10 mg/L FSH及20~50 mg/L LH的培养体系,有利于山羊卵母细胞的体外成熟,并放出第一极体。山羊卵母细胞体外成熟培养20,22,24 h,成熟率显著高于培养18,26,30 h(P<0.05)。     

绵羊卵母细胞孤雌激活及其随后体外发育的初步研究

对绵羊卵母细胞体外成熟培养和孤雌激活的影响因素作了初步研究.卵母细胞在TCM199培养液中培养24 h后,采用1.3 kV/cm、60 μs、0.1 mmol Ca2+和1.4 kV/cm、40 μs、0.1 mmol Ca2+2种处理对成熟卵母细胞进行电激活,卵裂率分别为76.1%和77.0%,2种处理差异不显著(P＞0.05).发生卵裂的卵母细胞在SOFaaBSA培养液中培养(分换液和不换液2种处理)至7～8 d统计囊胚率,换液的囊胚率为12.2%,不换液的囊胚率为22.8%,二者差异显著(P＜0.05).     

不同激活方法对猪ICSI卵早期发育的影响

[目的]探讨不同激活方法对猪单精子显微受精（ICSI）胚发育的影响。[方法]冷冻精子解冻洗涤后直接应用于ICSI,ICSI后采用不同激活方法激活卵母细胞,检测其原核形成情况。[结果]结果表明,单纯电脉冲激活以及电脉冲与6-DMAP联合激活其受精率分别达53.3%和60.4%,对ICSI卵雌雄原核形成的影响差异不显著（P〉0.05）;ICSI后采用不同激活方法激活卵母细胞,检测猪ICSI卵胚胎早期发育情况,单纯电脉冲激活囊胚率达13.0%,显著高于对照（P〈0.05）。[结论]单纯电脉冲激活能促进猪ICSI胚胎的早期发育。     

利用电极盘进行猪卵母细胞电激活

[目的]研究不同电激活参数以及电脉冲联合6-DMAP对猪卵母细胞孤雌激活效果的影响。[方法]使用电极盘,测定不同场强（1．1、1．3、1．5、1．7、1．9kV／cm）,不同脉冲时程（30、50、70、90、110ps）,1次脉冲下猪卵母细胞囊胚率的变化。[结果]结果表明,脉冲强度以1．5和1．7kV／cm效果最好,在80胂时其猪卵母细胞囊胚率分别达到（22．35±5．16）％和（20．59±9．41）％;脉冲强度1．5kWcm,1次电脉冲后4h联合6-DMAP激活卵母细胞,当脉冲时程达到70和90μs时,囊胚率分别达到（21．65±9．95）％和（23．10±16．27）％。[结论]在试验条件下,使用电极盘的最适电激活参数为脉冲强度1．5-1．7kV／cm,脉冲时长80μs,1次脉冲电激活。