不同灌溉策略下冬小麦根系的分布与水分养分的空间有效性

通过田间试验研究了少量多次和少次多量的灌溉方式下冬小麦根系的分布与水分养分的空间有效性。结果表明 :少量多次的灌溉方式降低了冬小麦返青后表层根系的生长 ,减少了拔节后该层根系的衰退。在少次多量的灌溉方式下返青期不灌水促进了表层根系的生长 ,然而拔节后该层根系衰退较多 ,但中层 ( 3 0～ 60cm)根系生长高于少量多次的灌溉方式。不同灌溉策略下根系分布的差异并不影响冬小麦对土壤水分和养分的吸收 ,由于播前土体内蓄水不足 ,三种灌溉方式下 0～ 90cm土壤可用水在收获后均消耗殆尽。灌溉促进了表层硝态氮的吸收和向下迁移 ,但两种灌溉方式下硝态氮在土体内的迁移均未超出 60cm土体 ,仍在根层之内。而不同的灌溉方式对冬小麦全生育期内土体速效磷钾的分布没有影响。扬花前两种灌溉方式下冬小麦的生长发育和养分的吸收并无差异 ,扬花后少次多量的灌溉方式由于水分供应不足 ,影响了灌浆 ,降低了千粒重 ,进而影响了产量 ,同时土壤水分缺乏也减少了该时期养分的吸收。而在少量多次的灌溉方式下 ,扬花后灌水不仅可以促进冬小麦灌浆 ,提高千粒重 ,而且增加了对养分的吸收。     

土壤/植株硝态氮含量与棉花产量及其相关因素之间的关系

1999－2001年，采用田间小区试验对棉田土壤／植株硝态氮含量与棉花产量及其相关参数之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明：施用氮肥明显提高土壤与植株中硝态氮含量，一定范围内土壤／植株硝态氮含量随氮肥用量的增加呈上升趋势；播种期及苗期耕层土壤硝态氮含量均与棉花产量显著相关（r=0.832-0.856)；初花期植株硝态氮含量与氮肥施用量极显著相关（r=0.930-0.948)，与棉花产量之间的关系可以用二次曲线进行拟合（R^2=0.815-0.958)；该研究初步表明初花期植株硝态氮含量可以作为棉花氮素营养状况的诊断指标，并用以推荐施肥。     

河北省环渤海地区地下水硝态氮含量现状及其成因分析

采用野外调查采样与室内分析相结合的方法,对河北省环渤海地区地下水硝态氮的含量现状及影响因素进行研究,并分析了其成因。结果表明：河北省环渤海地区地下水硝态氮含量总体达到国家饮用水Ⅲ类标准,但地区空间变异较大,以秦皇岛地区形势最为严峻。在各种影响因素中,农田利用类型对环渤海地区地下水硝态氮含量影响较大,各类型用地的影响顺序为粮田〉菜地〉稻鱼〉果园,其中硝态氮含量高的样本主要集中在春玉米类农田利用类型上;地貌类型中丘陵对该地区地下水硝态氮含量影响较大;随着水体深度的增加,地下水硝态氮含量呈明显下降趋势。农田污染是导致环渤海地区地下水硝态氮含量升高的主要成因,需要有针对性地进行区域治理。     

Effects of changes in N-fertilizer management on water quality trends at the watershed scale

In this study, the ADAPT (Agricultural Drainage and Pesticide Transport) model was calibrated and validated for monthly flow and nitrate-N losses, for the 2000-2004 period, from two minor agricultural watersheds in Seven Mile Creek (SMC-1 and SMC-2) in south-central Minnesota. First, the model was calibrated and validated using the water quality data from the SMC-1 and again independently validated with the SMC-2 dataset. The predicted monthly flow and associated nitrate-N losses agreed reasonably with the measured trends for both calibration (r² = 0.81 and 0.70 for flow and nitrate-N losses, respectively) and validation (r² = 0.85 and 0.78 for flow and nitrate-N losses from SMC-1, and 0.89 and 0.78 for flow and nitrate-N losses from SMC-2, respectively) periods. The model performed less satisfactorily for the snowmelt periods than it did for the entire simulation period. Using the calibrated model, long-term simulations were performed using climatic data from 1955 to 2004 to evaluate the effects of climatic variability and N application rates and timing on nitrate-N losses. The predicted nitrate-N losses were sensitive to N application rates and timing. A decrease in the fall N application rate from 179.3 to 112 kg/ha decreased nitrate-N losses by 23%. By changing application timing from fall to spring at a rate of 112 N kg/ha, nitrate-N losses decreased by 12%. The predicted nitrate-N losses showed a linear response to precipitation with larger losses generally associated with wet years. A 25% increase in mean annual precipitation would offset reductions in nitrate-N loss achieved using better N fertilizer management strategies described above.     

冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系优化施氮对土壤硝态氮的影响

为了建立小麦/玉米轮作体系下的作物营养诊断推荐施肥技术体系,确定最佳施肥方案,对不同施肥方式下每一季作物进行硝态氮、产量、施肥量进行观测。结果表明,不同的施肥处理对作物产量影响显著,优化施肥产量提高2.73%￣6.39%。不施肥处理条件下,二、三季作物产量显著降低,四季作物减产幅度趋于平衡;长期优化施肥使0￣60cm土壤硝态氮含量维持在同一个水平,而长期习惯施肥则使土壤硝态氮含量有增高的趋势;长期不施肥使土壤硝态氮含量稳定在较低水平;优化施肥节约化肥36.84%￣52.97%。上述三种施肥方式以优化施肥最佳。     

不同灌溉畦长对麦田灌水均匀度与土壤硝态氮分布的影响

试验研究不同灌溉畦长对灌水量、灌水均匀度与土壤NO3--N分布的影响。结果表明,在农民习惯灌水条件下,短畦处理(90m)灌水量为102mm,而长畦处理(180m)灌水量为132mm,且灌水明显增加了长畦处理田块水分、养分的空间变异。长畦处理比短畦处理多损失44mm灌溉水,N素损失增加20kg/hm2。在农民习惯的大肥大水条件下,由灌溉畦长引起的水肥田块空间变异未对冬小麦产量造成明显影响。但缩短畦长是推广应用节水节肥优化生产体系的首要措施。     

Mineralization of nitrogen in fertilizer-acidified lime-amended soils

Summary The application of NH _inf4 ^su+ -based fertilizers to soils slowly lowers soil pH, which in turn decreases nitrification rates. Under these conditions nitrification and N mineralization may be reduced. We therefore investigated the impact of liming fertilizer-acidified soils on nitrification and N mineralization. Soil samples were collected in the spring of 1987 from a field experiment, initiated in 1980, investigating N, tillage, and residue management under continuous corn (Zea mays L.). The pH values (CaCl₂) in the surface soil originally ranged from 6.0 to 6.5. After 6 years the N fertilizer and tillage treatments had reduced the soil pH to values that ranged between 3.7 and 6.2. Incubation treatments included two liming rates (unlimed or SMP-determined lime requirement), two ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer rates (0 or 20 g N m^-2), and three replicates. Field-moist soil was mixed with lime and packed by original depth into columns. Labeled-¹⁵N ammonium sulfate in solution was surface-applied and columns were leached with 1.5 pore volumes of deionized water every 7 days over a 70-day period. Nitrification occurred in all pH treatments, suggesting that a ferilizer-acidified soil must contain a low-pH tolerant nitrifier population. Liming increased soil pH values (CaCl₂) from 3.7 to 6.2, and increased by 10% (1.5 g N m^-2) the amount of soil-derived NO₃ ^--N that moved through the columns. This increase was the result of enhanced movement of soil-derived NO₃ ^--N through the columns during the first 14 days of incubation. After the initial 14-day period, the limed and unlimed treatments had similar amounts of soil N leaching through the soil columns. Lime increased the nitrification rates and stimulated the early movement of fertilizer-derived NO₃ ^--N through the soil.     

Growth and nutrient and nitrate accumulation of lettuce under different regimes of nitrogen fertilization

Abstract

For plant growth and composition, the effects of fertilizers including blood meal (BLO), cottonseed meal (CSM), dehydrated cow manure (COW), and urea (UREA) factored with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) of different morphological phenotypes including iceberg, romaine, loose head, and loose leaf were studied in a greenhouse. Lettuce growth increased with increasing nitrogen (N) applications from 0 to 800?mg N/pot (kg), but the top application of BLO, CSM, or UREA suppressed yields. Lettuce grown with BLO, CSM, or UREA had higher concentrations of N than with COW. Nitrate-N concentration in leaves of all varieties exceeded some standards at high application of organic fertilizer or urea except for COW. In general, increasing N application resulted in higher concentration of NH₄-N in lettuce with increases in applications of fertilizers. Organic fertilizers and urea were equally effective in supporting growth and affecting nutrient accumulation in lettuce if sufficient N was supplied.     

盐生荒漠植物群落土壤氮素含量及其组分特征

为了探讨盐生植物群落土壤氮素含量及组分特征,以新疆艾比湖流域盐生荒漠土壤为研究对象,分析了乔木、灌木和草本3种不同生长型盐生植物群落0～20、20～40和40～60 cm的土壤理化性质及各形态的氮素含量。结果表明,研究区不同生长型盐生植物群落土壤pH、电导率、有机质和C/N随土层深度增加而逐渐降低,而含水量与之相反。同一土层,土壤总氮、有机氮和氮密度呈现从乔木、灌木再到草本盐生植物群落逐渐增加的趋势。垂直分布方面,不同生长型盐生植物群落的土壤各形态氮素含量和氮密度均随着土层深度的增加而降低,表聚现象明显。除铵态氮以外,其他各种氮素间均表现为极显著正相关(P0.01),且与土壤有机质、含水量和容重呈极显著相关(P0.01)。土壤各形态氮素占总氮的比例对总氮的变化存在不同的响应,有机氮占总氮的比例相对稳定,有机氮与碱解氮占总氮的比例随总氮含量的增加而增加,无机氮、硝态氮和铵态氮占总氮的比例随总氮含量的增加而降低。     

灌溉施肥对冬小麦土壤氮素盈亏的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了灌溉和施肥对冬小麦生育期间0～400cm土壤硝态氮累积、移动特征及小麦产量的影响,并对0～200cm土壤氮素的盈亏、氮肥利用率、残留率及损失率进行了表观估算,旨在为小麦的氮素利用与推荐施肥提供理论依据。结果表明,0-400cm硝态氮累积量随着施氮量的增加而显著增加。施氮量对0～100cm土体硝态氮累积量有显著影响,施氮与灌水对200cm以下土壤中的硝态氮累积都有影响,同时水氮交互作用不容忽视。施氮并结合灌水可以显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量,施氮而不灌水也有一定的增产作用。0～200cm土壤氮素的表现盈余主要出现在小麦拔节～灌策期间,表观亏缺主要在播种～拔节期及灌策～收获期。相同灌水量下,氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加显著降低,而损失率增加。施氮130kg／hm^2、灌水60mm处理的氮肥利用率最大,为25．7％。从硝态氮累积量、产量及氮肥利用率等方面考虑,本试验比较合理的肥水配比应为施氮130kg／hm^2,灌水60mm。