Effects of area and isolation of woodland patches on herbaceous plant species richness across Great Britain

Richness of Ancient Woodland Indicator plant species was analysed in 308 woodland patches that were surveyed during the Countryside Survey of Great Britain carried out in 1998. The Countryside Survey recorded vegetation plots and landscape structure in 569 stratified 1 km sample squares and developed a remotely-sensed land cover map of the UK. Using these datasets, we tested the hypothesis that Ancient Woodland Indicator species richness in woodland fragments was limited by patch area, shape and spatial isolation and that woodland patches located in the lowland region of Great Britain would respond differently than those in the upland region. The variation in Ancient Woodland Indicator species richness in the British lowlands (n = 218) was mainly explained by patch area and two measures of connectivity, the length of hedgerows and lines of trees in the 1 km square and the area of woodland within 500 m of the vegetation plot. By contrast, variation in Ancient Woodland Indicator species richness in the British uplands (n = 90) was related to Ellenberg scores of the vegetation communities sampled – a surrogate for habitat quality – and no significant effect of spatial structure was detected. It therefore appears that the degree of fragmentation of woodland in the British lowlands limits the distribution of Ancient Woodland Indicator species, while in the uplands, failed colonisation is a matter of habitat quality rather than a result of landscape structure.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Resistance monitoring and enzyme activity in three field populations of cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) from Egypt

The cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) is one of the most important sucking insect pests attacking certain legumes in Egypt particularly faba bean, cowpea and pea. In this study we monitored the resistance level of three field populations of A. craccivora to seven insecticides belonging to three different chemical classes (organophosphates, carbamates and neonicotinoids). The three populations were collected from three governorates in Egypt namely Dakahlia, Qalyobia and Beni Suef. Diagnostic concentrations (LC₉₀ values for susceptible strain) for each insecticide were established using a leaf dipping technique. Resistance monitoring showed that the field population from Dakahlia was highly resistant to all the tested insecticides. In a similar manner, the population from Qalyobia was also resistant to all insecticides except for fenitrothion to which only moderate resistance was observed. The field population from Beni Suef exhibited a lower level of resistance to all the seven tested insecticides.Biochemical assay showed that esterase activity in these three field populations was generally higher as the enzyme activity ratio ranged from 4.3 to 7.8 fold more than that for the susceptible strain. The activity of the other measured detoxifying enzymes (glutathione -S- transferase and mixed function oxidases) was moderate in the populations from Qalyobia and Dakahlia. Nevertheless, the enzyme activity in A. craccivora collected from Beni Suef was variable and differed slightly from the activity measured in the susceptible strain. Monitoring insecticide resistance among the three aphid populations was a proactive approach to detect any shift in insecticide efficiency. The possible occurrence of resistance in the cowpea aphid to the tested insecticides may be due to the higher activity of carboxylesterases. Further studies on the resistance mechanism to these insecticides are needed to provide insights in how to manage and delay the onset of the resistance and thus prolong the performance of insecticides against A. craccivora.     

安徽省防治土地沙化中存在的问题及对策

在安徽省2009年和2014年沙化土地监测成果的基础上,分析了沙化土地动态变化以及变化原因,结合安徽省沙化区域自然地理条件和社会经济条件,指出安徽省防治土地沙化中存在的主要问题,并针对沙化土地治理提出相应对策。     

Monitoring of Vibration Exposure for Taxi Drivers

Vibration Exposure of taxi driver has not only impact on driverg health but the safety of driving. The constantspeed running test and a monitoring test in actually situationare done. The taxi driver vibration exposure testing data is analyzed, and it is found that the vibration exposure evaluation of constant speed test cant satisfy the actually situation. At last, animpersonalassessment is done according to the vibration exposure evaluation standard of ISO2631.     

坝上生态农业工程生态效益监测与评价研究

利用遥感技术、地理信息系统和全球定位系统对河北坝上实施生态农业工程建设后的生态效益进行了监测与评价。定量描述了坝上生态环境的动态变化趋势，并对坝上生态农业工程的气候效益、土壤改良效益、农业水文生态效益进行了分析与评价。研究结果表明，通过工程治理，使农业生态系统的功能增强，结构合理，取得了显著的生态效益。     

稻草持续还田定位监测结果与分析

监测结果表明,稻草持续还田能提升土壤有机质、增进氮磷钾养分含量,改善土壤结构,提高土壤保水保肥性能,增强土壤微生物活性,优化农田生态环境,提高土壤综合生产能力,对推进耕地质量建设,促进农业可持续发展具有重要的意义。     

基于数字图像特征的冬小麦渍害监测研究

为探索渍害胁迫下冬小麦灾损程度的可视化监测方法,通过田间试验,分析了麦田16个常用图像特征指数在不同受渍时间下的变化特征及其与冬小麦SPAD值、产量和千粒重的相关关系,并建立了基于图像特征指数衰减量的冬小麦渍害估算模型。结果表明,随渍水时间的增加,红光(R)、红光标准化值(NRI)、超红指数(EXR)、植被颜色指数(CIVE)极显著上升,而绿光标准化值(NGI)、归一化绿红差值指数(NGRDI)、绿-红差值指数(GMR)、超绿指数(EXG)、绿红比值指数(GRVI)则极显著下降;且这9个图像特征指数均与冬小麦SPAD值、产量和千粒重呈极显著相关,相关系数的最大绝对值分别为0.92、0.85和0.91;基于图像指数衰减量所建的SPAD值、产量和千粒重减少量的估算模型均以二次多项式最优,且以CIVE指数衰减量构建的SPAD值、产量和千粒重减少量估算模型的预测精度最高,验证集决定系数分别达到0.98、0.95、0.96。因此,数字图像技术可用于冬小麦渍害监测,且以基于CIVE指数的监测效果最佳。     

生态公益林管护存在的问题及对策

通过查阅生态公益林的相关文献,总结了生态公益林在宏观和微观方面管理存在的问题,并从健全体系、普及知识、补偿机制等方面提出了加强生态公益林管护对策。