哺乳动物性别控制的研究进展

性别控制是一项能显著提高养殖业经济效益的生物工程技术。目前哺乳动物的性别控制的方法很多,主要是通过XY精子分离和早期胚胎性别鉴定来实现。在生产中,还经常采用其它性别控制的方法,如:受精时间控制法、阴道pH值调节法和营养调节法等。就性别决定的机理、XY精子分离以及早期胚胎性别鉴定的几种方法进行了综述,并对性别控制存在的问题及发展前景进行了讨论。     

Infection and mortality by the yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata var. bicuspidata in chinook salmon fed live adult brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana)

First-feeding chinook salmon were fed either live adult Artemia franciscana or commercial feed over a 15-week period. Unexplained mortality began occurring in the Artemia-fed fish after 35 days on the diets, with cumulative mortality reaching 34.5% in the Artemia-fed fish compared with 4.3% in feed-fed fish. Necropsy examinations revealed systemic fungal yeast infections and the causative agent was cultured from kidneys. Fungal cells were observed in the transport water of Artemia shipments and within the Artemia. The Artemia were purchased from a retail supplier, and originated from salt ponds in San Francisco Bay (SFB), California. Artemia infection rates ranged from 0.5% to 37.5% (mean 16.5±3.59%) in shipments received over a 5-week period. The fungus was characterized by morphological and physiological properties and was identified as Metschnikowia sp., a pathogenic yeast of aquatic invertebrates. The yeast grew at 9–27 °C, and 0–180 ppt NaCl, and could tolerate salinity of at least 270 ppt. Sequence analysis of the divergent D1/D2 domain of ascomycetous yeast 26S ribosomal DNA identified the organism as Metschnikowia bicuspidata var. bicuspidata. The organism was found in water from the salt ponds and probably entered from the bay. Mortality due to the fungal infection stopped after changes were made in the handling of incoming Artemia shipments.     

Metschnikowia andauensis as a new biocontrol agent of fruit postharvest diseases

Potential antagonists were isolated from the epiphytic flora associated with oranges and pome fruit. A total of 1465 microorganisms were tested in a preliminary screening against blue and green moulds on pome and citrus fruit, respectively. Among them, approximately 3% reduced incidence and severity by more than 50% and 4 microorganisms fulfilled the selection criteria of reduction in severity and incidence by 75%. The most effective was a yeast identified as Metschnikowia andauensis, strain NCYC 3728 (PBC-2), isolated from the surface of ‘Bravo de Esmolfe’ apple fruit cultivated in North Portugal. The biocontrol activity of M. andauensis PBC-2 was dependent on its applied concentration. At 5 × 10⁶ cfu/mL incidence (% of infected wounds) and severity (lesion diameter) were reduced by 62 and 70%, respectively and at 1 × 10⁷ cfu/mL, the greatest reduction was achieved, 90% of incidence and 95% of severity. The broad spectrum of action of M. andauensis PBC-2 was evaluated with effective control being achieved against Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium expansum and Botritys cinerea, on ‘Rocha’ pears and on different apple cultivars and against Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum on mandarins and oranges. In semi-commercial trials in cold storage, the reduction of blue mould was 90%. Rapid colonization of fresh apple fruit wounds was observed during the first 24 h of cold storage, followed by a significant population increase during the first 15 days of storage and then the population remained stable until the end of storage.     

Dietary organic acids blend alone or in combination with an essential oil on the survival,growth, gut/liver structure and de hemato‐immunological in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of organic acids blend (OAB) alone or in combination with essential oil, Lippia origanoides (OAE) for Nile tilapia fed supplemented diets for 30 days. Fish (1.1 ± 0.04 g) were fed control (Control), or OAB 0.5% or OAB 0.5% + essential oil 0.125% (OAE) respectively. At the end of the experiment, samples were collected for de hemato‐immunological, histological analysis of the intestine and liver, as well as microbiology of the intestine. The pH of the diets supplemented with OAB and OAE reduced 0.92 and 0.19 respectively. The growth and FCR were unaffected by the treatments, but survival was significantly higher in the OAB treatment. Fish fed the OAB diet showed reduced concentration of total heterotrophic bacteria and Pseudomonas sp. in the intestine. Increased glucose in fish fed OAB and high number of circulating monocytes in fish fed OAE diet were observed. The anterior intestine of fish fed OAE diet showed larger number of goblet cells and increased villi height. The diet supplemented with OAB, mainly, improved the intestinal health and survival of tilapia juveniles and can be used in juvenile production.     

鲜枣采后生防菌株梅奇酵母XY201培养条件的优化

梅奇酵母（Metschnikowia zizyphicola）XY201是从冬枣表面分离筛选的新酵母菌种,对采后冬枣病原菌具有很好的抑制作用。本试验研究了该酵母菌对碳源、氮源和无机盐的利用情况,以及温度、初始pH和接种浓度三个因素对梅奇酵母生物量的影响,优化其培养基配方和培养条件。结果表明,梅奇酵母最大生物量的培养基配方为：2%蔗糖＋2%牛肉蛋白胨＋0.05%磷酸二氢钾＋0.05%硝酸钠;最优培养条件为：培养温度25℃,初始pH 6.0,接种浓度1%;在上述培养条件下进行摇瓶培养,梅奇酵母的最佳培养时间为接种后72 h。     

抗虫棉万丰201优质高产高效栽培技术研究

依据抗虫棉万丰201的特征特性,采用4因素4水平及3因素2水平的正交试验和新复极差法统计分析,对密度、追肥、灌溉、化控等影响因素进行了多因子的棉花产量比较试验。结果表明:密度对棉花产量影响最大,其次是肥料施用量。合理密植与科学施肥,是提高棉田单产的重要技术措施。根据棉花产量和经济效益,确定了万丰201棉花地膜覆盖的高产高效栽培技术优化方案为:留苗密度4.8万株/hm2;施尿素425 kg/hm2、磷酸二铵475 kg/hm2和氯化钾225 kg/hm2做基肥;在花铃期,用尿素200 kg/hm2追肥1次;全生育期化控3次,分别于蕾期、初花期和打顶后7 d左右各进行1次,缩节胺用量分别为7.5~12.0 g/hm2、15.0~22.5 g/hm2和37.5~49.5 g/hm2。     

Secondary minerals from extrapedogenic per latus acidic weathering environments at geomorphic edges, Eastern Nebraska, USA

Acidic weathering of the sulfidic Upper Cretaceous Carlile and Pierre Shales in Nebraska has led to the precipitation of the Al sulfate–hydroxide minerals aluminite, alunite, “basaluminite”/felsöbányaite (e.g.,), the aluminum hydroxides gibbsite and bayerite, and the rare Al phosphate hydroxide vashegyite. Kaolinite has also been produced as a result of this acidic weathering. These minerals do not appear as neoformed constituents in any extant soils in the region, and their existence underscores the ability of pyrite oxidation to produce major changes in mineralogy on a Holocene to Recent time scale. Jarosite, hydronium jarosite, gypsum, halotrichite, and melanterite also appear as secondary minerals in the weathered shales. Acidic weathering and the formation of new minerals is extrapedogenic because it occurs well below the limit of modern soil sola. These processes also occur at the edges of major landscape elements and can be considered to have a strong lateral component processes, making them “per latus” processes in our usage.     

玉米杂交种龙源201选育报告

玉米新杂交种龙源201是天水市种子管理站以外引系K12优选系K12-16为母本、自育系源自168为父本杂交选育而成.生育期131 d,活秆成熟,粮饲兼用.株高260 cm,千粒重408 g,2006年测定,籽粒含粗蛋白94.16 g/kg、粗脂肪36.2 g/kg、粗淀粉752.7 g/kg、赖氨酸3.30 g/kg、粗灰分13.4 g/kg.高抗瘤黑粉病,抗丝黑穗病、矮花叶病,中抗小斑病、大斑病、茎腐病,感红叶病.在2005-2006年甘肃省晚熟B组玉米区域试验中,平均折合产量13 538.25 kg/hm2,较对照品种豫玉22号增产3.45%.适宜天水市及周边海拔1 800 m以下地区推广种植.     

杂交粳稻新组合徐68优201的选育与应用

徐68优201是江苏徐淮地区徐州农科所用徐91068A作母本,与徐恢201配组育成的优质高产多抗三系杂交粳稻新组合。全生育期150～155 d,株高115～120 cm,每穗总粒数180～200粒,结实率80%以上,千粒重25～26 g;稻米品质达部颁《食用稻品种品质》(NY/T593-2002)优质3级标准;接种鉴定中抗苗瘟、抗穗颈瘟,种植鉴定表现高抗条纹叶枯病。2009年通过国家品种审定,2010年通过江苏省品种审定。     

优质超高产杂交粳稻徐优201的选育及栽培技术

徐优201(徐9320A×徐恢201)是一个优质超高产杂交中粳新组合。2003～2004年参加江苏省杂交中粳区试和生产试验,2a区试平均比对照9优138增产6.44%,生产试验比对照增产13.94%。大面积种植产量在9.50t/hm2以上。米质理化指标达国标3级优质稻谷标准。其突出特点:株型优良,穗大粒多,灌浆速度快,结实率高,抗病抗倒性强,高产稳产性好,适应性广。