Phylogenetic and pathogenicity evaluation of the marasmioid fungus Marasmius palmivorus causing fruit bunch rot disease of oil palm

Marasmius palmivorus is a marasmioid fungal species that exhibits parasitic behaviour, although most marasmioids are rarely parasitic. The fungus has been reported to cause fruit bunch rot disease of oil palm and coconut, but only a few studies on its pathogenic behaviour are available, particularly on oil palm. Hence, there is a need to assess the ability of the fungus to act as a pathogen and to study its molecular evolution and taxonomy. Nine isolates of M. palmivorus were successfully isolated from basidiocarps and diseased fruitlets of oil palm collected from oil palm plantations and were morphologically characterized on potato dextrose agar (PDA) followed by molecular identification based on nucleotide sequence alignments of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene clusters with sequences from GenBank. Koch's Postulates confirmed that M. palmivorus could infect oil palm fruitlets with symptoms similar to those observed for bunch rot disease. Molecular phylogenetic studies using nucleotide sequences of ITS and the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nLSU) showed that isolates sharing the same phenotypic characteristics of Marasmius palmivorus and Marasmiellus palmivorus are monophyletic and share a common ancestor. The fungus has also been shown to be more closely related to the genus Marasmius than Marasmiellus; therefore, we support retention of the taxon name of the pathogen causing bunch rot disease of oil palm as Marasmius palmivorus.     

安络小皮伞液体发酵过程中还原糖与pH值、菌丝干重及产量的关系

作者通过对安络小皮伞的液体发酵过程进行研究发现 :在安络小皮伞液体发酵过程中还原糖的变化呈一定规律性。在发酵过程中 ,随着总糖的逐渐消耗 ,还原糖含量呈下降趋势 ,且与pH值的变化呈正相关 ,与菌丝干重及产量的增加呈负相关 ,为安络小皮伞发酵的生产提供了重要的依据。     

吉林省担子菌补记(四)

报道了吉林省新分布担子菌6种，即刺孢蜡蘑Laccaria tortilis (Bolt.)S.F.Gray，大型皮伞Marasmius maximus Hongo，粗毛原迷孔菌Protodaedalesa hispida Imazeki,巢孔菌Poronidulus conchifer(Schw.)Murr，中华散尾菌Lysurus sinensis Lioyd和袋形地星Geastrum saccatum(Fr.)Fisch。其中，原迷孔菌属和巢孔菌属为吉林省所记录属。     

高寒草地土壤三色小皮伞菌产漆酶特性的研究

以1株三色小皮伞菌（Marasmius tricolor）（编号310b）为供试菌株,采用底物显色法和液体摇瓶发酵法,研究了供试菌株Marasmius tricolor 310b在3种底物（愈创木酚、邻苯二酚和邻苯甲苯胺）选择性培养基上产漆酶的相对酶活力,在愈创木酚-PDA培养基上的相对产酶速度,以愈创木酚为底物催化液体发酵粗酶液的酶活力以及粗酶液酶学性质。结果表明：供试菌株Marasmius tricolor 310b在含有愈创木酚、邻苯二酚和邻苯甲苯胺等3种底物的选择性培养基上能够生长且产生氧化带,在不同底物的选择性培养基上氧化带的颜色、直径以及菌落大小不尽相同,在愈创木酚选择性培养基上产生的氧化带直径和菌落直径最大。愈创木酚能够在供试菌株生长早期诱导菌丝分泌漆酶;以愈创木酚为底物测得菌株液体发酵粗酶液的漆酶活力最高。供试菌株分泌的漆酶在30℃、pH=4.5时酶的催化活性达到最大值,0～45℃、pH 4.0～6.5范围内保持较高的酶活力。     

黑龙江省柳绵蚧生物学特性的初步研究

柳绵蚧在黑龙江省林甸县主要为害行道绿化柳树，其为害高达９０％，使树势生长衰弱，导致枝条枯死。一年发生一代，以２龄若虫在柳树的枝干部越冬，成虫的发生期为５月上旬至６月中旬，初孵若虫出现在７月中旬。柳绵蚧有两种寄生小蜂，其中食蚧蚜小蜂对柳绵蚧的控制力最强，一年发五两代，越冬代寄生率为１６．９％，第一代寄生率为５０．７９％。     

柳小皮伞胞外多糖液体发酵培养基的优化研究

对影响柳小皮伞AS 5.166液体深层发酵生产胞外多糖的相关因子:碳源、氮源、无机盐、生长因子等进行了单因素试验,并选取葡萄糖、酵母膏、KH2PO4、MgSO4、VB1等进行正交试验确定最佳浓度水平,结果表明:发酵培养基葡萄糖、KH2PO4、MgSO4浓度对胞外多糖产量影响显著;验证试验表明:当葡萄糖40.0g,酵母膏4.0g,KH2PO41.5g,Mg-SO41.0g,VB150mg(/L)时,在25℃、140 rpm的培养条件下摇床振荡培养5d,所得胞外多糖量最大为108.74mg.100mL-1。     

Nanodisks protect amphotericin B from ultraviolet light and oxidation‐induced damage

BACKGROUND: Macrolide polyene antibiotics possess potent broad‐spectrum antifungal properties. Use of these agents in the field or in controlled environments is impeded by their poor water solubility and susceptibility to oxidation‐ and/or light‐induced degradation. While typically used for human disease therapy, there is potential to expand the utility of polyene macrolide antibiotics, such as amphotericin B, for control of fungal disease infestation in agricultural settings. Thus, the susceptibility of this antibiotic to exposure‐induced activity loss was evaluated. RESULTS: Incubation of the prototype polyene amphotericin B (AMB) with phospholipid vesicles and apolipoprotein A‐I results in the formation of nanoscale complexes, termed nanodisks (NDs), capable of solubilizing significant quantities of AMB. To evaluate whether AMB incorporation into NDs conferred protection against light‐ or oxidation‐induced damage, yeast growth inhibition assays were conducted. Compared with AMB solubilized in detergent micelles, AMB incorporated into NDs was protected from damage caused by exposure to UV light as well as by KMnO₄‐induced oxidation. Furthermore, AMB‐NDs inhibited growth of the turfgrass fungus Marasmius oreades Fr. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that this water‐soluble formulation of a natural, biodegradable, antifungal agent represents a potential cost‐effective, non‐toxic and environmentally friendly substitute for chemical agents currently employed to control a range of fungal infestations. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

利用响应面法对柳小皮伞液体发酵培养基的优化

首先采用Plackett-Burman设计对影响柳小皮伞(Marasmiussalicicola)AS5.166发酵胞外多糖培养基的组成成分进行了筛选,所选取的10个相关因素为:葡萄糖、蔗糖、酵母膏、蛋白胨、K2HPO4、KH2PO4、CaCl2、FeSO4、MgSO4、VB1。在此基础上,再采用响应曲面法(ResponseSurfaceMethodology,RSM)对影响柳小皮伞发酵胞外多糖培养基的关键影响因素蔗糖、酵母膏和FeSO4的最佳水平范围作了进一步的研究与探讨,通过对二次多项回归方程求解得知,在上述自变量分别为蔗糖23.28g/L、酵母膏12.21g/L和FeSO447.80mg/L时,胞外多糖产量的最大预测值为94.74mg/100ml。     

利用响应面法对柳小皮伞液体发酵培养基的优化

首先采用Plackett-Burman设计对影响柳小皮伞(Marasmiussalicicola)AS5.166发酵胞外多糖培养基的组成成分进行了筛选,所选取的10个相关因素为:葡萄糖、蔗糖、酵母膏、蛋白胨、K2HPO4、KH2PO4、CaCl2、FeSO4、MgSO4、VB1。在此基础上,再采用响应曲面法(ResponseSurfaceMethodology,RSM)对影响柳小皮伞发酵胞外多糖培养基的关键影响因素蔗糖、酵母膏和FeSO4的最佳水平范围作了进一步的研究与探讨,通过对二次多项回归方程求解得知,在上述自变量分别为蔗糖23.28g/L、酵母膏12.21g/L和FeSO447.80mg/L时,胞外多糖产量的最大预测值为94.74mg/100ml。