Estimation of daily and total lactation milk yield of Chios ewes from single morning or evening records

Linear models were developed and evaluated for the estimation of daily (24 h) and total lactation milk yield of dairy sheep from single morning (am) or evening (pm) milking records. A total of 22,908 individual test-day milk records of 5110 ewes of the Chios breed, raised in 46 flocks, were used. Depending on the model, different daily milk yield estimates were derived for each ewe, accounting for lactation number, stage of lactation, season of previous lambing and interval between successive milkings. Daily milk yield was also estimated from doubling the single am or pm record. Actual and estimated yields were compared using root mean square errors (RMSEs), mean absolute differences, an accuracy parameter defined as the ratio of the actual yield variance over the sum of the variances of actual yield and absolute difference, and the product moment correlation between estimated and actual yield. Results were validated on independent datasets. Linear models resulted in less biased and more accurate estimates of the daily milk yield than simply doubling the am or pm record. Root mean square errors decreased by 7-37% and the mean absolute difference was reduced by 1-4% of the average daily yield. Higher accuracy and correlation were obtained from linear model application than doubling. Total lactation milk yield was predicted based on actual daily yield and compared to predictions based on estimated daily yield from am or pm records, as well as directly on single milking records. Root mean square errors obtained when daily yield had been estimated with linear models were 26-35% lower compared to doubling the am or pm yield and 0-13% lower compared to estimating the total lactation yield directly from single milking records. Linear model application also resulted in lower mean absolute difference and higher accuracy and correlation than doubling the am or pm record. Recording the yield of a single milking (am or pm) instead of both can benefit milk recording by reducing its cost and increasing farmer participation. In this context, linear models developed in the present study can be used for the accurate estimation of daily (24 h) and total lactation milk yield from single milking records.     

24月龄生长母水牛绝食代谢的研究

用传统开路式牛用呼吸面具对24月龄母水牛绝食产热(Fasting heat production,FHP)进行研究。结果表明:①24月龄母水牛FHP为306.013kJ/kgW0.75·d;每天排出内源尿氮(EUN)为39.66g;单位代谢体重每天排出EUN为0.48g;蛋白分解产热占总产热量为17.13%;EUN与FHP比值为1.60mg/kJ。②24月龄母水牛维持净能需要:NEm=397.817kJ/W0.75·d。     

Altered vitamin D metabolic system in follicular cysts of sows

This study aimed to examine 25OHD₃ concentration in the fluid of follicular and follicular lutein cysts of sows in comparison with preovulatory follicles as well as immunolocalize vitamin D metabolic enzymes (CYP27B1 and CYP24A1) and determine their protein abundances in the cyst wall. We have shown for the first time that 25OHD₃ level in the fluid of both cyst types was significantly lower than in preovulatory follicles. Furthermore, we have demonstrated CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 protein immunolocalization and abundance in follicular and follicular lutein cysts. The abundance of protein for both metabolic enzymes was decreased in ovarian cysts when compared to preovulatory follicles. We propose that altered VD metabolism in ovarian cyst might associate with their formation in sows.     

Regional and temporal differentiation of virulence phenotypes of Puccinia triticina from common wheat in Russia during the period 2001–2018

Leaf rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina, is one of the most damaging rust diseases of wheat in Russia. Populations of P. triticina were monitored in seven regions of Russia from 2001 to 2018, with a total of 5,191 single urediniospore isolates from bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) being analysed. Populations have changed significantly in all regions since 2012, after 2 years of drought (2010–2011). Regional collections of P. triticina were also significantly different between the two periods 2001–2009 and 2012–2018, with changes along two geographic gradients from West Siberia to the north-west and south-west (North Caucasia) of the European part of Russia. All tested isolates were avirulent to resistance gene Lr9 in 2001–2009 but, since 2010, virulence to Lr9 has occurred and annually increased in the Asian part of Russia (Ural and West Siberia) due to deployment of cultivars with the Lr9 gene. Virulence to Lr2a and Lr15 was considerably lower in Dagestan (6%–33%) and all European regions (35%–67%) than in Asian regions (84%–96%). During 2001–2009, virulence on Lr1 was also lower in Dagestan (33%) and the European regions (50%–77%) than in Asia (91%–96%); however, by 2012–2018, nearly all isolates were virulent on Lr1. Remarkable changes were observed in frequencies of P. triticina races defined by their virulence/avirulence to Lr1 and Lr2a genes. We postulate the P. triticina population in Dagestan is specific to that area and pathogen populations in European and Asian parts of Russia are distinct.     

24-表油菜素内酯对杏果实贮藏品质的影响

以新疆赛买提杏为试验原料,选用0.9 mg/L的24-表油菜素内酯(24-epibrassionolide,EBR)对杏果实进行10 min的浸泡处理,将处理后的果实取出晾干后贮藏在温度为4℃、相对湿度(RH)90%~95%的冷库中,以蒸馏水处理为对照,定期测定相关指标,研究24-表油菜素内酯处理对杏果实贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,24-表油菜素内酯处理可以延缓杏果实贮藏期间可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、叶绿素和抗坏血酸含量的下降,有效降低杏果实的自然发病率,并能有效延缓呼吸速率和失重率的上升。     

小麦抗叶锈病Lr35基因同源序列RGA1侧翼序列的扩增与分析

利用小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系材料TcLr35,根据已扩增出的Lr35相关基因组DNA片段RGA1设计3对特异性引物,通过热不对称交错PCR技术获得2个有效扩增片段,将目的片段回收纯化,连接到pGEM-TEasy载体,转化EcoliDH5α感受态细胞中,经EcoRⅠ酶切,验证插入片段,选择合适菌液测序。获得了2条侧翼序列,长度分别为511bp和614bp,与RGA1重叠区分别为293bp和509bp,分别向3'端和5'端延长了208bp和100bp,拼接后序列为915bp。经BLASTn同源性比较与小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr21同源性为93%(score值为674,E值为0.0),与含有Lr10基因的450Kb大片段重叠群同源性为90%(score值为260,E值为7e-66),该研究为克隆Lr35目的基因奠定了基础。     

宁夏小麦品种慢锈基因Lr34/Yr18的分子检测

Lr34/Yr18是重要的小麦慢叶锈/慢条锈基因,可用于小麦锈病抗性改良。为了明确Lr34/Yr18基因在宁夏小麦中的分布特点,利用STS标记csLV34对111份宁夏小麦品种中慢锈基因Lr34/Yr18的等位变异进行了分子检测,并且进行了成株期条锈病抗性鉴定。结果表明,20份材料携带Lr34/Yr18基因,占18.0%。不同来源的小麦品种中Lr34/Yr18基因分布频率不同,农家品种中分布频率最高,占90.9%;引进品种中所占比例为14.3%;育成品种中所占比例最低,仅占7.7%。含有Lr34/Yr18基因的品种对条锈病具有较好的抗性,可作为今后宁夏小麦抗锈病育种的重要抗源。     

硝普钠、24-表油菜素内酯\水杨酸浸种对盐胁迫下玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用营养液水培,以玉米品种天泰16(TT16)、豫玉18(YY18)为材料,探讨外源硝普钠(NO的外源供体SNP)+2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)/水杨酸(SA)浸种对盐胁迫下玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果显示,2种外源物组合浸种后,促进了盐胁迫(150mmol/L NaCl溶液)下玉米种子的萌发,以500mg/L 24-表油菜素内酯+硝普钠复合浸种和200mg/L水杨酸+硝普钠复合浸种效果最佳,其发芽率TT16分别比对照增加15%和13%,YY18增加16%和13%;发芽势TT16分别比对照增加24%和22%,YY18增加43%和44%,主根长、芽长及生物量也较对照增加。经外源物质浸种后,盐胁迫下的玉米幼苗长势较好,SOD、POD酶活性相比对照增加显著,MDA含量较少,可溶性糖在200mg/L水杨酸+硝普钠浸种的幼苗中积累最多,分别为对照的4.35倍(TT16)和4.03倍(YY18)。与对照相比,500mg/L EBR+100mmol/L SNP复合浸种和200mg/L SA+100mmol/L SNP复合浸种,玉米种子及幼苗耐盐性增强。     

150个小麦品种（系）抗叶锈基因Lr35分子鉴定

小麦抗叶锈基因Lr35是成株抗性基因,在二叶期即表现连续抗性,被认为是有用的抗病资源。本研究利用以PCR为基础的STS、SCAR分子标记技术,对150个小麦品种(系)进行了分析,检测出8个小麦品种(6068,白蚰包,中麦9,早洋,碧玛1号,小偃7631,东方红3号和Madsen)含有Lr35基因。结合室内接种鉴定技术 (叶锈菌株为对Lr35无毒力的99-8-11-5),结果表明,这8个小麦品种虽在分子水平上含有Lr35基因,但在侵染类型上具有一定差异,其中东方红3号表现对菌株的亲和性。