Simulating evolution of glyphosate resistance in Lolium rigidum II: past, present and future glyphosate use in Australian cropping

Glyphosate is a key component of weed control strategies in Australia and worldwide. Despite widespread and frequent use, evolved resistance to glyphosate is rare. A herbicide resistance model, parameterized for Lolium rigidum has been used to perform a number of simulations to compare predicted rates of evolution of glyphosate resistance under past, present and projected future use strategies. In a 30‐year wheat, lupin, wheat, oilseed rape crop rotation with minimum tillage (100% shallow depth soil disturbance at sowing) and annual use of glyphosate pre‐sowing, L. rigidum control was sustainable with no predicted glyphosate resistance. When the crop establishment system was changed to annual no‐tillage (15% soil disturbance at sowing), glyphosate resistance was predicted in 90% of populations, with resistance becoming apparent after between 10 and 18 years when sowing was delayed. Resistance was predicted in 20% of populations after 25–30 years with early sowing. Risks of glyphosate resistance could be reduced by rotating between no‐tillage and minimum‐tillage establishment systems, or by rotating between glyphosate and paraquat for pre‐sowing weed control. The double knockdown strategy (sequential full rate applications of glyphosate and paraquat) reduced risks of glyphosate and paraquat resistance to <2%. Introduction of glyphosate‐resistant oilseed rape significantly increased predicted risks of glyphosate resistance in no‐tillage systems even when the double knockdown was practised. These increased risks could be offset by high crop sowing rates and weed seed collection at harvest. When no selective herbicides were available in wheat crops, the introduction of glyphosate‐resistant oilseed rape necessitated a return to a minimum‐tillage crop establishment system.     

多花黑麦草品种比较试验

通过对现行生产中常用的4个多花黑麦草品种在昆明地区的物候期、株高、草产量、生长率、净同化率等指标的规定表明,在生长初期,特高的生产性能比其余3个品种都好,但生长一段时间后,邦德的生产性能明显超过特高(P<0.05),抗锈王略高于特高(P>0.05),旺饲的生产性能最差(P<0.05)。因此,邦德是一个在生产中值得推广应用的品种。     

Awn of darnel (Lolium temulentum L.) as an anthropogenic dispersal organ: A case study in Malo, south-western Ethiopia

Darnel ( Lolium temulentum ), a weed of wheat and barley, is either awned or awnless. The role of the darnel awn in dispersal was investigated in relation to human's agricultural practices in cereal cultivation in a Malo village, Gaytsa, south-western Ethiopia. In 24 free-threshing wheat fields and 11 emmer wheat fields, 129 and 88 spikes (one spike per plant), respectively, of darnel were randomly sampled. At the market in Gaytsa, 11 free-threshing wheat grain samples and eight emmer wheat grain samples of 150–200 g were collected. For each grain sample, the number of wheat grains and awned and awnless grains of darnel were recorded. The relative percentage of the awned form in free-threshing wheat fields was 8.53% and that in emmer wheat fields was 70.45%. The relative percentage of awned grains in free-threshing wheat grains from the market collection was 3.55% and that in emmer wheat grain lots was 75.20%. The morphology of awned darnel grains resembles emmer wheat grains and awnless darnel grains resemble free-threshing wheat grains. Thus, grain mimicry controls the close association of the two forms of darnel with the wheat species. The lack of an awn itself functions for darnel grain as a dispersal mechanism in free-threshing wheat cultivation systems compared with other wild grass species.     

四川省2种生境条件下黑麦草种子生产性能的研究

对四川省的丘陵区(洪雅)和中山地区(汉源)2种生境条件下的黑麦草种子生产性能进行了研究分析,结果表明,试验两地的种子产量和质量均有显著差异.其中,洪雅点种子产量为244.0 kg/hm2,汉源点的种子产量为532.8 kg/hm2.两样地的种子质量相比,汉源点的发芽势、发芽率、四唑染色数和四唑脱氢酶均高于洪雅点.两地的种子产量与其构成因素的相关性基本一致,均呈显著相关;相关性强弱依次为:每生殖枝种子数>生殖枝数>每生殖枝小花数>分蘖数>每生殖枝小穗数>千粒重.每生殖枝种子数对种子产量贡献最大.     

施用污泥对黑麦草生育及其元素含量的影响

将兰州市七里河污水处理厂的生活污泥施用于多年生黑麦草,藉以探讨施用量对黑麦草生长及其元素含量的影响。结果表明,随着污泥施用量(0.5～8kg/m²)的增加,黑麦草盖度,密度,地上、地下生物量以及叶绿素含量显著增加。施用后黑麦草地上部组织中N、P、K、Mg、Fe、Zn和Cu的含量增加,Mn含量减少,Ca和重金属元素Hg、Ni、Pb、As含量与对照间差异不显著,没有对黑麦草造成重金属毒害。     

Influence of single applications of nitrogen on white clover nitrogen fixation in autumn and winter dairy pastures in south‐west Victoria,Australia

Abstract

Effects of nitrogen (N) (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg N ha^?1) applied at five different times during autumn and early winter on the N fixation of Trifolium repens L. (white clover) in Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) / white clover pastures were examined (Experiment 1). Effects of applying different N fertilisers (e.g. urea and ammonium nitrate) at 45 kg N ha^?1 in autumn, with and without phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulphur (S) on N fixation were also tested (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, percentage N derived from the atmosphere (percent Ndfa) by white clover varied between 87% and 91% in the period after (24 to 36 days) N application. Increasing rates of N and time of application did not influence percent Ndfa. The amount of N fixed by white clover ranged from 0.8 to 3.7 kg N ha^?1 in the period after N application. Increasing rates of applied N produced a significant (P<0.05) linear increase in the amount of N fixed. In Experiment 2, percent Ndfa and amount of N fixed (1.9 to 4.1 kg N ha^?1) were unaffected by different N fertilisers, with and without P, K and S, in the period after (37 days) fertiliser application. For both experiments, fertiliser N increased dry matter yield while having no effect on white clover composition. It is concluded that single applications of N during the autumn and early winter benefit pasture growth without adversely affecting white clover N fixation or clover composition. This finding, however, will require further investigation.     

外源NO对渗透胁迫下多年生黑麦草幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)作为生物体广布的一种生理活性物质,可调节植物一系列生理生化反应,增强其对逆境的抵抗能力;为此,以15%PEG-6000模拟渗透胁迫,研究外源NO对多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明:15%PEG-60000渗透胁迫下,0.1 mmol·L^-1NO供体硝普钠(Sodium nitroprus-side,SNP)可显著减轻对幼苗生长的抑制;促进脯氨酸(Pro)的累积,延缓幼苗叶片的水分散失(P<0.05);可诱导超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,减缓丙二醛(MDA)的积累,显著缓解因渗透胁迫诱导的细胞膜脂过氧化过程(P<0.05),增强其抗渗透胁迫能力,且随着胁迫程度的加剧效果越佳。0.5 mmol·L^-1SNP处理对黑麦草幼苗生长影响不显著,促进保护酶活性及缓解氧化损伤的作用较0.1 mmol·L^-1SNP处理显著减弱。外源NO诱导植物水分及抗氧化酶系活性的变化,是植物在渗透胁迫下维持正常生长的重要抗逆生理机制。     

草坪型多年生黑麦草生殖特性及种子产量构成的研究

草坪型多年生黑麦草开花持续期为 33d ,一般情况下穗轴中部的小穗先开花 ,以后逐渐向顶部和基部发展 ;一个花序上的小花开花大部分集中在前 6d ,大约占 89 3% ;多年生黑麦草花后 2 6～ 2 7d ,小穗干重最大 ,其含水量为 41 1 5 % ,种子不易落粒 ,为种子适宜收获期。在种子生产方面 ,构成因子 (株穗数 ,小穗数 )与影响因子 (株高 ,叶重 )共同对草坪型多年生黑麦草的种子产量起作用