披碱草和野大麦及其杂种苗期抗旱性研究

在室内人工模拟干旱条件,测定了干旱胁迫下披碱草和野大麦及其杂种幼苗的相对含水量、细胞膜透性、游离脯氨酸含量的变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫下亲本披碱草幼苗的组织相对含水量下降的幅度最低,细胞膜受害最轻,游离脯氨酸积累的最多,相对生长率最高,表现出很强的抗旱性。亲本野大麦幼苗的组织相对含水量下降的幅度最大,细胞膜受害最重,游离脯氨酸积累的最少,相对生长率最低,抗旱性弱。杂种F1幼苗的保水能力、细胞膜受害程度和游离脯氨酸积累能力、相对生长率均介于双亲之间,亦即其抗旱能力大于野大麦而小于披碱草,表现为双亲的中间型。正、反交对杂种F1的抗旱能力没有明显影响。     

披碱草和野大麦杂种F1与BC1F1代的生物学及农艺特性研究

对披碱草和野大麦及其杂种F1与BC1F1代的生物学及农艺特性进行了分析比较。结果表明,亲本野大麦生长发育节律较快,较早地开花结实,果后营养期较长,生育期74d,生长天数达206d,具有很强的分蘖能力;披碱草生长发育节律较慢,生育期124d,生长天数193d;杂种F1的生长天数介于双亲之间,生长动态偏向亲本披碱草,分蘖能力介于双亲之间;BC1F1代生长发育节律较F1代提早,不同株系生长天数不同,生长动态偏向轮回亲本野大麦,分蘖能力有较大的变异。杂种F1代表现出较强的杂种优势,BC1F1代产草量较F1代有所降低,不同株系间存在明显的差异。总体上,BC1F1代的生产性能倾向于轮回亲本野大麦。     

Influence of intra-row cruciferous surrogate weed growth on crop yield in organic spring cereals

In Northern Europe, inter-row hoeing has become a popular tactic for controlling weeds in organic cereals. Hoeing is highly effective and can be implemented from crop emergence until stem elongation to maintain a nearly weed-free inter-row zone. However, hoeing has a lesser effect on weeds growing in the intra-row zone, where crop–weed proximity results in heightened competition. In the hoed cereal system, it is investigated whether tall-growing, competitive, cruciferous weeds in the intra-row zone affect crop biomass, yield and thousand kernel weight (TKW). An additive experimental design is employed to enable the fitting of rectangular hyperbolas, describing and quantifying the effects of increasing intra-row surrogate weed density on crop growth parameters. Regressions were studied under the influence of crop (spring barley and spring wheat), row spacing (narrow [12.5 or 15.0 cm] and wide [25.0 cm]) and nitrogen rate (50 and 100 kg NH₄-N/ha). Cruciferous surrogate weeds were found to impact crop yield and quality severely. For example, ten intra-row plants/m² of surrogate weed Sinapis alba reduced grains yields by 7%–14% in spring barley and by 7%–32% in spring wheat with yield losses becoming markedly greater in wheat compared to barley as weed density increases. Compared to wheat, barley limited yield and quality losses and suppressed intra-row weed growth more. Row spacing did not have a consistent effect on crop or weed parameters; in one of six experiments, the 25 cm row spacing reduced yields and increased intra-row weed biomass in wheat. Nitrogen rate did not affect crop or weed parameters. Results warrant the implementation of additional tactics to control intra-row weeds and limit crop losses.     

种植密度对2个青稞品种抗倒伏及秸秆饲用特性的影响

种植密度是影响青稞抗倒伏和秸秆饲用特性的重要因子。以抗倒伏品种昆仑14号和倒伏品种门源亮蓝为试验材料,比较研究种植密度对这2个品种生长发育、抗倒伏特性和秸秆饲用特性的影响。结果表明,种植密度对2个品种的抗倒伏和秸秆饲用特性的影响存在差异。随着种植密度的增加,昆仑14号根长、根体积、根数和根干重先增后降,茎粗和壁厚依次下降;门源亮蓝根系和茎秆相关指标则随种植密度增大而下降。昆仑14号抗倒伏相关指标先增后降,但整个生育期未发生倒伏;门源亮蓝各指标均显著降低,诱发倒伏现象提前发生,致使倒伏率增大、倒伏程度加剧。昆仑14号茎秆中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、半纤维素、纤维素和木质素等化学成分含量随密度增加先增后降,门源亮蓝各成分含量呈下降趋势,相对饲喂价值随密度增加呈现增高的趋势。综合抗倒伏特性与秸秆饲用特性,昆仑14号最佳种植密度为375×104株hm~(-2),门源亮蓝粮饲兼用时适宜密度为300×104～375×104株hm~(-2)。     

Effects of seedbed properties on crop emergence: 3. Effects of firming of seedbeds with various sowing depths and water contents

Abstract

Extensive experiments were carried out in shallow plastic boxes placed directly on the ground in the field to study the effects of seedbed properties on the emergence of various crops in a cool temperate climate. In a group of experiments with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), we studied the effects on crop emergence of firming (slight compaction) of the seedbed, simulating the recompacting effects of rolling after sowing or press wheels on the seed coulters. Most of the experiments were carried out without irrigation after sowing. The firming usually had a slightly positive effect on emergence when the water content in the surface layer at sowing was below the wilting point. When the water content in the surface layer was higher, firming often reduced emergence drastically, particularly with deep sowing and in coarse-textured soils. The main reason for negative effects was harmful hardening of the surface layer when the more firm seedbed gradually dried out. When irrigation kept the seedbed continuously moist, the negative effect of firming was almost eliminated. Very high initial water content in the basal layer tended to delay surface layer drying and hardening, and to reduce the negative effect of firming. Firming only slightly influenced the evaporative water losses from the soil. In contrast to the results presented here, previous field trials with cereals have usually resulted in more positive effects of rolling after sowing. This indicates that other effects than firming, such as modification of sowing depth and reshaping of the soil surface, are other important effects of rolling.     

大麦条纹病侵染对大麦叶片蛋白组的影响

大麦条纹病由麦类核腔菌(Pyrenophora graminea)引起,是一种世界性病害.为进一步探索条纹病与大麦(Hordeum vulgare)的相互作用,以大麦品种甘啤6号和Issto为实验材料,在接种麦类核腔菌(代号DWC)7和21d后提取叶片蛋白,运用2-DE和质谱分析技术研究条纹病菌侵染后叶片蛋白质组学的变化.结果显示,与对照相比,甘啤6号和Isotta差异表达量在1.4倍以上的蛋白点28个,其中在甘啤6号中表达上调的蛋白点4个,下调的6个,诱导表达的2个,抑制表达的2个;在Isotta中,表达上调的蛋白点3个,下调的4个,诱导表达的4个,抑制表达的3个.质谱鉴定分析发现,表达上调的蛋白包括二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶A(2号蛋白点)、肌动蛋白(9号蛋白点)、核糖体再循环因子(ribosome-recycling factor,RRF)(10号蛋白点)、ATP合酶γ链(11和27号蛋白点)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(辅酶q)黄素蛋白亚基(15号蛋白点)和假定蛋白(26号蛋白点):表达下调的包括过氧化物还原蛋白(4号蛋白点)、1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶大亚基(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit,RuBisCo)(3、5、12、14、16和18号蛋白点)、ATP合酶CF1α亚基(13号蛋白点)、Ycf3蛋白(17号蛋白点)和α-1,4葡聚糖蛋白合酶(alpha-1,4-glucanprotein synthase,UTPG)(28号蛋白点);诱导表达蛋白包括假定蛋白(6号蛋白点)、脂氧合酶2(lipoxygenase 2,LOX2)(7号蛋白点)、捕光叶绿素a/b结合蛋白质(light harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein,LHCP)(19号蛋白点)、3-磷酸甘油酸激酶(3-phosphoglycerate kinase,PGK)(20号蛋白点)、凝集素(21号蛋白点)和ATP合酶γ链(22号蛋白点);抑制表达的蛋白包括RuBisCo(1、8、24和25号蛋白点)和二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶小链(ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain,RuBPCase)(23号蛋白点)等.按照其功能分类,这些差异表达蛋白点分别参与了光合作用、蛋白质生物合成、植物防卫反应、能量代谢和细胞信号转导、细胞结构和纤维素生物合成等生理功能.这些差异表达蛋白可能与大麦响应条纹菌侵染过程有关,研究结果有助于从蛋白质水平揭示不同抗性大麦品种抗条纹病的抗性机制.     

Identification of QTLs associated with salinity tolerance at late growth stage in barley

Salinity is a major abiotic stress to barley (Hordum vulgare L.) growth and yield. In the current study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for yield and physiological components at the late growth stage under salt stress and non-stress environments were determined in barley using a double haploid population derived from a cross between CM72 (salt-tolerant) and Gairdner (salt-sensitive). A total of 30 QTLs for 10 traits, including tiller numbers (TN), plant height, spikes per line (SPL), spikes per plant (SPP), dry weight per plant, grains per plant, grain yield, shoot Na⁺ (NA) and K⁺ concentraitions (K) in shoot, and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio (NAK), were detected, with 17 and 13 QTLs under non-stress and salt stress, respectively. The phenotypic variation explained by individual QTL ranged from 3.25 to 29.81%. QTL flanked by markers bPb-1278 and bPb-8437 on chromosomes 4H was associated with TN, SPL, and SPP under salt stress. This locus may be useful in the breeding program of marker-assisted selection for improving salt tolerance of barley. However, QTLs associated with NA, K, and NAK differed greatly between non-stress and salt stress environments. It may be suggested that only the QTLs detected under salt stress are really associated with salt tolerance in barley. D. Xue and Y. Huang contributed equally to the article.     

The influence of nitrogen fertilisation on bacterial activity in the rhizosphere of barley

The effect of nitrogen addition on the activity of rhizosphere bacteria was studied using barley seedlings. Three different nitrogen sources were added to the soil (nitrate, ammonium and ammonium+nitrate) at four different concentrations (0, 100, 300 and 500 mg N kg⁻¹ soil) and the plants were allowed to grow for 6 weeks. The bacterial activity was estimated by measuring thymidine and leucine incorporation into bacteria extracted using homogenisation-centrifugation. Bulk soil bacterial activity was low compared with that of rhizosphere bacteria. Nitrogen addition did not affect the activity of the bulk soil bacteria, indicating that the activity was not nitrogen limited. The thymidine and leucine incorporation rates of rhizosphere bacteria decreased when ammonium or ammonium+nitrate was applied compared with the non-amended controls. No effect on bacterial activity was found following nitrate addition. There was a significant positive correlation between rhizosphere bacterial activity and rhizosphere pH. Shoot length following ammonium treatment was significant lower than in the non-amended control, while nitrate and ammonium+nitrate addition had no effect. This indicates that the varying effects due to nitrogen sources on rhizosphere bacterial activity were not due to effects on plant growth.     

披碱草和野大麦及其杂种回交后代的农艺特性研究

为了使披碱草和野大麦的优良特性综合在一起,培育出适合干旱、盐渍生境的牧草新品种,王照兰等（1992—1993年）将披碱草和野大麦组合进行了远缘杂交,成功地获得了高度不育的披碱草和野大麦的正、反交F1代。在正交F1代（披碱草X野大麦）的植株形态学和细胞学初步研究的基础上,笔者拟定了用回交法克服杂种F1代不育性的研究计划。用分株繁殖方法,