果树自交不亲和性的遗传与生理机制及其研究

在简要介绍植物（包括果树）自交不亲和性与生理控制机制的基础上，着重对梨、苹果、杏等果树自交不亲和性的研究进行了综述，内容包括花柱内花粉管生长特点、花柱S糖蛋白的特性与作用机理以及果树自交不亲和的分子生物学研究，并提出了该领域有待研究的问题。     

茉莉酸对苹果气孔运动及抗旱性的影响

50、75、100、150 mg／L JA处理苹果叶片表皮，使开放气孔的气孔开度分别减小27．4％、37．5％、56．9％和63．8％，使关闭后的气孔在光下开放时气孔开度分别减小15％、18％、28．8％、52．5％、61．3％；处理植株后干旱胁迫，叶片相对电导率分别降低15％、18％、31％、58％，脯氨酸含量分别提高0．09％、0．40％、0．42％、0．54 ng／gFW，可溶性糖含量分别提高1．89％、2．53％、3．80％、5．06％。25 mg／L JA处理与对照均无显著差别。JA的作用表现出明显的浓度效应。     

苹果梨花芽孕育期生长锥细胞超微结构的观察

利用透射电镜对苹果梨花芽孕育期芽内生长锥细胞进行了观察，结果显示，在花芽孕育形成的过程中，生长锥细胞的超微结构发生了一系列变化：蛋白体和脂类小滴逐渐增加；核外膜向外延伸到胞质中与内质网相连，其上分布的核糖体增多；线粒体和内质网数目丰富且分布均匀；核糖体大量游散在胞质中；质体呈浅裂，中央缢缩；微管分布于靠近质膜处等。以上超微结构的变化表现出细胞旺盛分裂和分化的特点，反映了花芽孕育过程中的细胞学特征。     

我国春麦区部分小麦品种品质状况分析

1999年将 38份春小麦品种 (品系 )种植于内蒙古呼和浩特 ,对其磨粉品质和面包烘烤品质进行了评价。结果表明 ,我国春小麦品种的面包烘烤品质较差 ,不同地区品种间品质差异较大 ,辽宁和内蒙品种的磨粉品质和面包烘烤品质优于其它地区的品种。回归分析表明 ,蛋白质含量和单位蛋白质含量的面包体积决定了面包体积总变异的 99.9% ,硬度、沉淀值和吸水率对面包总分有重要作用。品种的出粉率主要取决于 1心槽路出粉率 ,2心和 1皮槽路出粉率对出粉率贡献也较大。高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基 (HMW GS)Glu A1和Glu D1位点的等位变异与品质性状密切相关。面包烘烤品质的改良应在分析HMW GS的基础上 ,将硬度作为选择指标之一 ,适当提高蛋白质含量 ,重点加强对沉淀值的选择     

Glu A1和 Glu D1位点高分子量谷蛋白亚基共同缺失对弱筋小麦品质的影响

为了研究高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMWGS)缺失对小麦品质的影响,以 GluA1和 GluD1位点HMWGS共同缺失材料2GS041410作供体亲本,以弱筋小麦品种扬麦13和扬麦18作轮回亲本进行回交,构建不同遗传背景的BC¹F³和BC²F³群体,测定受体、供体亲本的品质,以及回交群体BC¹F³和BC²F³中 GluA1和 GluD1位点HMWGS共同缺失纯合单株及两位点均正常表达纯合单株的品质。结果表明,供体2GS041410具有较低的SDS沉降值、较短的面团形成时间和稳定时间;在BC¹F³和BC²F³中, GluA1和 GluD1位点HMWGS共同缺失对蛋白含量影响不显著,但可显著或极显著降低SDS沉降值和水溶剂保持力(SRC)。 GluA1和 GluD1位点HMWGS双缺失在弱筋小麦品质育种中具有一定的应用价值。     

中国小麦品种资源Glu-1位点组成概况及遗传多样性分析

 分析了 5 12 9份中国小麦初选核心种质样品HMW GS的组成情况 ,其中地方品种 345 9份、育成品种(系 ) 16 70份。这些材料作为初级核心种质基本代表了保存在国家长期库中的普通小麦种质资源的遗传多样性 ,覆盖了中国小麦栽培的 10大生态区。总体来看 ,在Glu A1、Glu B1和Glu D13个位点上的主要等位变异分别为null、7+8和 2 +12。育成品种中 1、7+9、14 +15、5 +10和 5 +12亚基 (对 )的频率比地方品种有很大的提高。在Glu 1位点上 ,地方品种与育成品种的遗传丰富度差异甚微 ,但育成品种的遗传离散度指数却显著高于地方品种。在 3个位点中 ,Glu B1位点的多样性最丰富 ,其次为Glu D1位点 ,Glu A1位点的多样性最差。从生态区来讲 ,地方品种变异类型最丰富的 3个大区是黄淮冬麦区、西北春麦区和西南冬麦区 ;选育品种最丰富的 4个大区是西南冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区、长江中下游冬麦区和北部冬麦区。由于广泛的引种、杂交、选择以及亲本选配中的偏爱 ,造成许多生态区遗传离散度指数高低与遗传丰富度出现相矛盾的现象 ,这点在长江中下游冬麦区材料中表现尤为突出。育成品种与地方品种间遗传分化系数分析表明 ,现代引种和杂交育种使我国小麦品种“群体”遗传组成和结构发生了质的变化。     

Responses of glutamine synthetase activity and gene expression to nitrogen levels in winter wheat cultivars with different grain protein content

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, which improves crops grain protein content. A pot experiment in field condition was carried out to evaluate GS expression and activity, and grain protein content in high (Wanmai16) and low grain protein (Loumai24) wheat cultivars under two N levels (0.05 and 0.15 g N kg⁻¹ soil). High nitrogen (HN) resulted in significant increases in GS1 and GS2 expression at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and higher GS activity during the entire grain filling stage. HN also significantly increased yield, grain protein content and protein fraction (except for glutenin of Luomai24) in two wheat cultivars, which indicated that it increased grain yield and protein content by improving nitrogen metabolism. Wanmai16 showed higher grain protein content, gliadin and glutenin content, and had higher expression level of GS2 both in flag leaves and grains at early grain filling stage. However, Luomai24 had greater yield and higher expression level of GS1. The difference expression of GS2 and GS1 genes indicates they had various contributions to the accumulation of protein and starch in wheat grains, respectively. The results suggest that GS2 would be serving as a potential breeding target for improving wheat quality.     

Disulphide structure of high-molecular-weight (HMW-) gliadins as affected by terminators

This study aimed at elucidating SS-bonds of HMW-gliadins (HGL) from wheat with the focus on terminators of glutenin polymerisation. HGL from wheat flour extracts non-treated or treated with the S-alkylation reagent N-ethylmaleinimide (NEMI) were compared. HGL from wheat flour Akteur were isolated, hydrolysed with thermolysin and the resulting peptides pre-separated by gel permeation chromatography and analysed by liquid chromatography/mass-spectrometry using alternating electron transfer dissociation/collision-induced dissociation. Altogether, 22 and 28 SS-peptides from samples without and with NEMI treatment, respectively, were identified. Twenty-six peptides included standard SS-bonds of α- and γ-gliadins, high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits. Eleven SS-bonds were identified for the first time. Fifteen peptides unique to HGL contained cysteine residues from gliadins with an odd number of cysteines (ω5-, α- and γ-gliadins). Thus, gliadins with an odd number of cysteines, glutathione and cysteine had acted as terminators of glutenin polymerisation. Decisive differences between samples without and with NEMI treatment were not obvious showing that the termination of polymerisation was already completed in the flour. The two HGL samples, however, were different in the majority of ten peptides that included disulphide-linked low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols such as glutathione and cysteine with the former being enriched in the non-treated HGL-sample.     

油菜生长后期有机氮再利用关键酶活性的变化动态

采用砂培试验，在正常供氮条件下测定油菜花后不同时期叶片蛋白水解酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶（gluta-mine synthetase，GS）和籽粒谷氨酸合酶（glutamate：z-oxoglutarate aminotransferase，即glutamate synthase，GOGAT）活性以及韧皮部汁液游离氨基酸和L-谷氨酰胺含量。结果表明，随着花后植物体的衰老，叶片蛋白水解酶活性虽有所波动但总体上呈下降趋势；叶片GS活性在角果发育初期和中后期维持较高水平，此后均有下降，有效地保证了籽粒发育初期酶蛋白形成的需要及籽粒发育后期氮素再分配的顺利进行；随着籽粒的发育进程，籽粒GOGAT活性逐渐升高，到角果发育后期达最高值，此后又下降。比较两个油菜品种以上3种酶的活性表明，蛋白水解酶活性品种间差异很小；GS活性角果发育前期742高于汇油50，角果发育后期则742低于汇油50；GOGAT活性，汇油50的酶活性强但维持时间短，742的酶活性弱而维持时间长。在花后有机氮再分配过程中，韧皮部汁液中游离氨基酸含量忽升忽降变化不定，而L-谷氨酰胺含量两品种均呈快速下降的趋势。游离氨基酸含量两个品种间的差异变化较大，且L-谷氨酰胺含量742高于汇油50。