Use of netting and whitewash spray to protect papaya plants against Nivun Haamir (NH)-dieback disease

A disease causing the decline of papaya (Carica papaya) plants was noticed in the Jordan Valley in 1982. The disease caused severe yellowing of the upper leaves and dieback of the apex. The disease was not transmissible mechanically and continued efforts to associate viruses and viroids have so far been unsuccessful. Epidemiological observations suggested that the disease is airborne and probably caused by a mollicute. In order to test this hypothesis, plots were covered by an insect-proof net and with white nets providing 15, 30 and 50% shade. The 30%, 50% and insect-proof nettings provided complete protection, and the 15% netting reduced disease incidence to <2%, compared with>37% in the uncovered control plot. Spraying plants at weekly intervals with a commercial whitewash solution was also found to be effective in reducing disease incidence. The advantages of using a range of netting field treatments as a simple means for obtaining information on the epidemiological nature of a new disease are described.     

Purification and some properties of Papaya meleira virus, a novel virus infecting papayas in Brazil

'Meleira', or 'sticky disease', is currently the most damaging papaya disease in the mid-eastern Brazilian growing regions. Consistent disease transmission via latex injection, presence of similar isometric particles in the laticiferous vessels of diseased plants, and detection of double-stranded DNA in naturally and experimentally infected papaya trees suggest that a virus is the causal agent. Conclusive evidence for viral aetiology was previously lacking, mostly because every attempt to purify the putative virus from infected papayas had failed. Following the successful purification and partial characterization of the meleira virus, healthy papaya seedlings injected with purified virus particles later developed typical symptoms of the disease. Negatively stained, isometric, full and 'empty' purified virus particles measured 42 and 38 nm, respectively. The viral genome was a single dsRNA molecule of about 12 kbp. Several capsid proteins, ranging in size from 14·4 to 45 kDa, were consistently revealed by PAGE. Papaya meleira virus (PMeV) appears to represent a novel group of viruses, with no known similar counterpart among known plant-, vertebrate-, invertebrate- or prokaryote-infecting viruses.     

Herbicide options for weed control in papaya

This paper reviews the literature on weeds and weed control in papaya. There is limited research on this topic, and nearly all of the research focuses on herbicides. Effective use of paraquat and glyphosate in papaya is dependent on avoidance of spray contact to green bark and foliage. Pre-emergence herbicide tolerance is dependent on papaya age, size and maturity, and soil type. Only one herbicide, oryzalin is shown to be tolerated by papaya immediately after transplanting. Herbicides such as diuron and oxyfluorfen with a broader spectrum of weed control generally injure young papaya, however they can be effectively used if the initial application of these herbicides is delayed until papaya attains certain size or maturity indices. There is a need for further research on weeds and weed control to improve the efficiency of papaya production     

基于点评估方法的两广地区番木瓜中农药残留膳食暴露风险研究

为评估两广地区番木瓜中主要农药的残留情况及其产生的风险,采集了广东、广西地区40个生产基地的番木瓜样品进行测试分析,研究其生产过程中使用的杀虫剂、杀菌剂、杀螨剂和植物生长调节剂等各种农药残留情况,并对我国不同人群的膳食暴露风险进行了评估。结果显示,40批次番木瓜中检出农药残留32批次;在检出的32份番木瓜样品中,检出率超过10%的有咪鲜胺、吡虫啉、多菌灵、啶虫脒和苯醚甲环唑5种农药,检出率分别为51.1%、21.5%、13.3%、11.1%、10.9%。采用点评估方法,选择检出率在10%以上的咪鲜胺、吡虫啉、多菌灵、啶虫脒和苯醚甲环唑,进行农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险（%ADI）评估、急性膳食摄入风险（%ARfD）评估,并进行不同消费人群暴露点评估。结果显示：检出的5种农药%ADI均低于100.00%,为0.00023%~0.0059%;%ARfD远低于100%,为0.50%~28.3%,5种农药的急性和慢性摄入风险均为儿童高于成年人,绝大多数女性的摄入风险高于男性;5种农药急性摄入风险均高于慢性摄入风险,风险水平由高到低为咪鲜胺>啶虫脒>苯醚甲环唑>多菌灵>吡虫啉,但点评估结果均远低于100%,说明通过食用番木瓜摄入的农药残留极其微量,不会对人体产生急性或慢性风险。     

江西首次发现入侵害虫木瓜粉蚧Paracoccus marginatus

2020年9月在江西省赣州市章贡区新发现一种严重发生的粉蚧,经制作玻片标本,形态鉴定为木瓜粉蚧(Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink),后得到28S序列比较鉴定确认.该虫为国内新入侵物种在江西的首次发现,在赣州主要危害园林绿化植物和杂草,其中以木芙蓉...     

辐照对鲜切苦瓜杀菌效果及感官品质的影响

本试验将60Co-γ辐照引入苦瓜的鲜切加工过程,研究不同辐照剂量对苦瓜杀菌效果和感官品质的影响。结果表明:辐照剂量0.52kGy以上的辐照处理对鲜切苦瓜细菌、大肠菌群、肠炎沙门氏菌(D10=0.33),英诺克李斯特菌(D10=0.29)杀灭效果显著;1.86kGy以下的辐照对鲜切苦瓜色度、硬度的影响在5%水平上差异不显著。0.52～1.86kGy辐照处理对苦瓜的色泽、气味、质地和滋味、组织状态等方面可接受性没有显著影响。因此,0.52～1.86kGy辐照剂量可以有效控制鲜切苦瓜中的微生物而不影响其感官品质,能满足糖尿病人的食用要求,货架期可达6d。     

鲜切苹果自发气调包装研究

以低密度聚乙烯、高密度聚乙烯、聚丙烯膜为包装材料,研究其对鲜切苹果的保鲜效果。结果表明:3种保鲜膜包装均能不同程度地抑制鲜切苹果呼吸强度,推迟呼吸高峰期到来,减少营养物质消耗,0.04mmLDPE保鲜膜较适合于鲜切苹果的自发气调包装。     

Extension of fresh-cut “Blanquilla” pear (Pyrus communis L.) shelf-life by 1-MCP treatment after harvest

‘Blanquilla’ pears processed as fresh-cut products are highly sensitive to browning and softening. Common postharvest methods, such as the use of antibrowning compounds and/or modified atmosphere packaging, fail to preserve ‘Blanquilla’ pear slices long enough to be marketable. However, treatment with 1-MCP before cutting and peeling considerably improved their textural properties (9.2 N vs. 1.1 N with and without 1-MCP treatment, respectively) and color (a* values of 1 vs. 5 after 15 d at 4 °C, for slices pear treated with 1-MCP and without treatment, respectively). These positive changes were closely related to a decrease in respiratory activity determined on whole pears after 3 months of storage in air at 0 ± 1 °C and 95% R.H. (0.40 ± 0.05 mmol CO₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ vs. 0.77 ± 0.04 mmol CO₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ with and without 1-MCP treatment, respectively) and ethylene production (1.18 ± 0.36 nmol C₂H₄ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ vs. 5.751 ± 1.12 nmol C₂H₄ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ for samples treated with and without 1-MCP, respectively). The use of 1-MCP allows fresh-cut ‘Blanquilla’ pears to be sold up to about 5 d after processing. Treatment with 1-MCP could be a viable alternative to common technologies for extending the shelf-life of ‘Blanquilla’ pears as a fresh-cut product.     

不同保鲜剂和包装材料对鲜切西芹保鲜效果研究

研究了过氧化氢、柠檬酸与氯化钙组合,以及不同包装材料高密度聚乙烯薄膜(HDPE)、普通聚乙烯薄膜(PE)及低密度聚乙烯薄膜(LDPE)对鲜切西芹的保鲜作用.试验结果表明,过氧化氢+柠檬酸+氯化钙组合时鲜切西芹有保鲜作用,可降低失重率,使呼吸代谢、相时电导率处于较低水平,鲜度指数也明显高于对照.LDPE,HDPE,PE三种包装材料对鲜切西芹的保鲜效果影响不明显.0.15%H2O2+0.1%CA+0.4%CaCl2组合对鲜切西芹的保鲜效果最好,贮藏9 d时,鲜度指数仍达到76.9%.     

番木瓜ERF家族与果实成熟相关成员的分析

通过比较分析番木瓜ERF家族成员的系统进化关系、基本理化性质、保守基序、启动子顺式元件,结合分析番木瓜在乙烯利和乙烯抑制剂1–甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理下以及不同成熟期果肉的RNA-seq数据,筛选出22个ERF家族成员进行表达差异分析,最终比较得出两个处理数据中显著差异表达基因有18个,推测这些基因可能在番木瓜果实成熟过程中起重要作用。