Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy and waxy whole-wheat flour blends

Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy whole-wheat flour (WWF) with partial- or full-waxy (PW- or FW-) WWF substitution were studied. The substitution levels were 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 g/kg, respectively. FW-WWF reduced the peak viscosity and pasting temperature of WWF blends as its substitution level was increased due to its higher proportions of B-type starch granules and short amylopectin chains, while PW-WWF increased peak viscosity with the increasing substitution level because of its higher amylopectin content. As demonstrated by farinograph and rheometer measurements, FW-WWF interfered with gluten development because of the increased competition for water by arabinoxylans and amylopectin; however, PW-WWF enhanced dough strength due primarily to its increased protein content. Consequently, FW-WWF showed a detrimental effect on cooked noodle texture as the cooked noodle hardness was reduced by 50% at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. In contrast, PW-WWF enhanced noodle integrity and elasticity by increasing cooked noodle cohesiveness and resilience by 10.1% and 14.8%, respectively, at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. The results suggest that with waxy WWF substitution, the changes in starch composition, arabinoxylans, and protein content could modify the interactions among flour components and influence the quality characteristics of noodle products.     

小麦面粉和鲜面片色泽及 Psy-A1 与 Ppo-A1 等位变异检测

为研究小麦面粉和鲜面片色泽及其与两个色泽相关基因等位变异之间的关系,以我国主要麦区17个大面积推广品种及1个优异品系为材料,进行面粉和鲜面片色泽分析和 Psy-A1 、 Ppo-A1 基因等位变异检测。结果表明,扬麦18、泛麦5号、扬麦9号、平安7号、扬麦20面粉和鲜面片色泽均比较好,亮度高,黄度低,携有优异等位变异;川麦42是优异的低黄度种质资源,但亮度需提升。面粉和鲜面片的L~*值间、a~*值间、b~*值间均呈极显著正相关,L~*值与a~*、b~*值均呈极显著负相关,a~*值和b~*值无显著相关性。 Psy-A1主要引起鲜面片a~*值和b~*值显著变化;对a~*值的效应表现为 Psy-A1b Psy-A1a ;对b~*值的效应表现为 Psy-A1b Psy-A1a ; Ppo-A1 对面粉及鲜面片的b~*值、鲜面片放置2 h和4 h的L~*值有显著影响;对b~*值的效应表现为 Ppo-A1b Ppo-A1a ;对L~*值的效应表现为 Ppo-A1b Ppo-A1a 。4个等位变异组合仅对鲜面片黄度b~*值有极显著影响, Ppo-A1a/ Psy-A1a 基因型最高,其他三种基因型差异不显著。因此,改良小麦面粉和面制品色泽应注意淘汰 Ppo-A1a / Psy-A1a 基因型,高世代需加强面制品色泽的筛选鉴定。     

新疆小麦Psy-A1、Ppo-A1、Ppo-D1、TaLox-B1等位变异对面粉色泽的影响

利用已开发的面粉色泽相关性状基因的分子标记,检测了182份新疆小麦品种(系)的Psy-A1、Ppo-A1、Ppo-D1、Ta Lox-B1等位变异,并结合表型鉴定结果,分析不同等位变异对面粉色泽的影响。结果表明,单基因等位变异对面粉色泽的影响不同,其中4个基因等位变异L*值的差异均不显著;对a*值的效应,Psy-A1a高于Psy-A1b(P0.01),Ppo-A1b高于Ppo-A1a(P0.05),Ta Lox-B1a高于Ta Lox-B1b(P0.05);Psy-A1a基因型的b*值高于Psy-A1b基因型(P0.01);Psy-A1a基因型的Wht值低于Psy-A1b基因型(P0.01)。说明Psy-A1是影响面粉色泽(红度、黄度和白度)的重要基因,而Ppo-A1和Ta Lox-B1基因的等位变异只对面粉红度有显著影响。4个检测基因共有12种等位变异组合,对a*、b*和Wht值有显著效应(P0.01),但对L*值影响不显著(P0.05);Psy-A1b/Ppo-A1a/Ppo-D1b/Ta Lox-B1b组合具有最高的Wht值和最低的a*、b*值,Psy-A1a/Ppo-A1a/Ppo-D1b/Ta Lox-B1a组合具有最低的Wht值和最高的a*、b*值。182份品种的Wht值平均为86.86,其中审定品种平均为86.87,冬小麦品种为86.42,春小麦品种为87.32。青春5号具有优良的基因型和较高的面粉白度,应加强利用。总体来看,改良新疆小麦面粉的白度,应重点加强对Psy-A1基因的选择,提高Psy-A1b比例。     

建立适合中国乡镇用等级粉加工工艺

根据我国乡镇制粉厂的特点,对小型等级粉加工工艺与设备作了详细的论述。着重讨论了气力输送,干式清理工艺,小麦水分调节、短粉路制取等级粉的可行性和可靠性。并提出了建立乡镇小型等级粉厂从技术上应注意掌握的若干问题。     

糯小麦配粉对淀粉理化特性和面条品质的影响

研究了5个非糯小麦添加不同比例糯小麦面粉后淀粉糊化特性和面条加工品质的变化。结果表明,糯小麦面粉淀粉-碘吸收曲线与普通小麦显著不同,但与普通小麦支链淀粉-碘吸收曲线相近。糯小麦面粉淀粉理化特性与非糯小麦显著不同:直链淀粉含量较低,淀粉开始糊化早,最终粘度非常低,反弹值小,回生慢。普通小麦添加糯小麦面粉后,直链淀粉含量显著降低,但峰值粘度等指标并没有相应升高,面条品质也没有显著改善。不论添加糯麦粉与否,熟面条放置24 h或鲜面条放置72 h后其评分均显著下降,但添加糯麦粉后下降幅度减小,糯小麦加工的面条评分下降幅度更小,说明糯小麦面粉可以在一定程度上延长鲜湿面条的货架寿命。     

糯与非糯小麦配粉对馒头品质的影响

[目的]研究糯与非糯小麦配粉对馒头品质的影响.[方法]对6个非糯小麦品种品质指标间的相关性进行分析.[结果]馒头总评分与面粉白度、弱化度、衰减值呈正相关,与其他品质指标呈负相关,但都没有达到显著水平.[结论]糯小麦面粉制作馒头的评分较低,不适合制作馒头.糯小麦与非糯小麦配比为1∶9时馒头的评分最高.     

全麦粉谷蛋白溶涨指数测定方法研究

为了探讨利用全麦粉代替面粉测定谷蛋白溶涨指数的可行性，本文测定了21个小麦品种(系)的Zeleny,SDS沉淀值及不同溶涨时间下全麦粉和面粉的谷蛋白溶涨指数。简单相关分析结果表明，用全麦粉测得的谷蛋白溶涨指数与Zeleny、SDS沉淀值呈极显著正相关；在溶涨时间相同时，用全麦粉和用面粉测得的谷蛋白溶涨指数呈极显著正相关(0．843^**,0．912^**,0．934^**)。研究结果证明用全麦粉可以代替面粉测定谷蛋白溶涨指数。该方法可以降低样品用量，加快检测速度。     

Validation of an extraction method for the quantification of soluble free and insoluble bound phenolic compounds in wheat by HPLC-DAD

Wheat is one of the three most widely grown grain crops and the most consumed in Europe. Wheat contains different phenolic compounds, mainly phenolic acids and flavonoids that are not evenly distributed in the wheat, being most abundant in the bran. These phenolic compounds are antioxidants against free radicals and other reactive oxygen species. Therefore, over the last few decades, there is a great interest to study and quantify these compounds present in wheat.This work proposes a HPLC-DAD method that allows a good separation of different phenolic compounds occurring as soluble free and insoluble bound compounds in wheat brand and flour. The extraction and the chromatographic conditions allowed the characterization of forty-two phenolic compounds, among phenolic acids (HBA, HCA, DFA and TFA), phenolic aldehydes, phenolic alcohols and flavonoids (flavones). This method is simple, sensitive, reproducible and accurate, and only a HPLC-DAD equipment is required. Thirty-four soluble and insoluble phenolic compounds can be quantified in wheat flour and brand. Hydroxytyrosol, a potent antioxidant compound, has been identified and quantified in wheat for the first time.     

Metabolite profiling of the response to high-nitrogen fertilizer during grain development of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat yield and quality are dependent largely on nitrogen (N) availability. In this study, we performed the first metabolomic analysis of the response to high-N fertilizer during wheat grain development using non-targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Quality parameter analyses demonstrated that high-N fertilizer application led to a significant increase in grain protein content and improvement in starch and bread-making quality. Comparative metabolomic profiling of six grain developmental stages resulted in identification of 74 metabolites, including amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids and lipids/alcohol, which are primarily involved in carbon and N metabolism. Under high-N fertilizer treatment, numerous metabolites accumulated significantly during grain development. Principal component analysis revealed two principal components as being responsible for the variances resulting from N-fertilizer treatments. Metabolite–metabolite correlation analysis demonstrated that the high-N treatment group had a greater number of positive correlations among metabolites, suggesting that high-N fertilizer treatment induced a concerted metabolic change that resulted in improved grain development. Particularly, the high-N treatment-mediated significant accumulation of metabolites involved in the TCA cycle, starch and storage protein synthesis could be responsible for the improvement of grain yield and quality. Our results provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of wheat grain development and yield and quality.     

不同施氮措施对强筋和中强筋小麦品质的调控效应

为明确不同施氮措施对优质小麦产量及品质的影响,以强筋品种郑麦366和中强筋品种郑麦7698为材料,设置不施氮（N0）、基施纯氮210kg/hm2(N210+0)、基施纯氮150kg/hm2+追施纯氮60kg/hm2(N150+60)和基施纯氮150kg/hm2+追施纯氮120kg/hm2(N150+120)4个施氮处理,连续3年分析不同施氮措施下的产量、籽粒与麦粉品质。结果表明,不同施氮措施对小麦产量和品质的影响年际间变化较大;丰产年份（2018-2019年度）N150+60处理的籽粒和蛋白质产量均高于其他处理;N150+120处理2017-2018年度2个品种、2019-2020年度郑麦7698的小麦粉湿面筋含量显著高于N150+60和N0处理;不同施氮措施下2个品种的小麦粉面团稳定时间以N150+60或N150+120处理较长;N150+60处理与其他处理相比显著增加了2019-2020年度的郑麦366面团最大拉伸阻力;与N210+0和N0处理相比,N150+60和N150+120处理显著增加了2018-2019和2019-2020年度的郑麦7698面团最大拉伸阻力。综上分析,小麦...