从土地覆盖变化看塔里木河中下游天然草地的退化

通过GIS技术和1990～2000年的TM影像图,分析了塔里木河中下游近10年的土地覆盖动态变化,结果显示:在塔里木河中下游地区,天然草地退化严重,高、中覆盖草地大幅减少,低覆盖草地的数量虽然增加但主要是流域河岸胡杨林群落退化后向荒漠灌丛草地演化的结果;而在自然环境更加恶劣的塔里木河下游地区,随着断流和地下水位的下降,天然草地正在向裸地和沙地演变。通过分析,提出了恢复塔里木河中下游天然草地的治理建议。     

Stereoselective degradation of ethofumesate in turfgrass and soil

The stereoselective degradation of ethofumesate in turfgrasses and several agricultural soils was investigated to provide details of the fate of this chiral herbicide. Racemic ethofumesate was either foliar applied to two species of turfgrass or fortified into four types of agricultural soils. (+)- and (−)-Enantiomers were extracted and analyzed by a validated chiral HPLC method which involved extraction of samples with organic solvent followed by separation on cellulose-Tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-based chiral column and quantification by UV absorbance at 230 nm. Mean recoveries of each enantiomer fortified at 0.5, 5, and 10 μg g⁻¹ ranged from 82.3 ± 5.84 to 92.5 ± 2.87% in turfgrasses and from 86.0 ± 5.09 to 98.1 ± 2.51% in soil. As a measure of this composition, the enantiomeric ratio (ER) was used, defined as the concentration ratio of (+)/(−)-enantiomer. Similarly, preferential degradation of the (−)-enantiomer was observed in both grass species with the largest ER of about 3 and in one of the test soil with ER = 1.65, resulting in residues enriched with (+)-enantiomer. This stereoselective degradation in this soil led to significant difference on half-lives between the two enantiomers. No stereoselective degradation was observed in other soils.     

Advances in Biodegradation of Aflatoxins

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. They are one of the contaminants most common in food and feed, with high toxicity and carcinogenicity. Aflatoxins usually enter animal body together with feed and then enter human body by food chain, thereby seriously threatening human health. In recent years, the degradation of aflatoxins has become a hot research topic. This study overviewed the characteristics and detoxification ways of aflatoxins, specifically for the advances in biodegradation and degradation products of aflatoxins.     

An experimental study of charcoal degradation in a boreal forest

Degradation rates of pyrogenic carbon (PyC) under natural environmental conditions are largely unknown. Here we present results from a field experiment monitoring the change in mass, C- and N concentrations of a variety of charcoal types in a Norwegian boreal forest over a period of 20 months. The charcoal types represent different feedstock tree species, production temperature regimes, and placements in the forest, i.e. above ground, in the humus layer or in contact with the mineral subsoil. The types of charcoal had different initial C concentrations mainly depending on their production temperature. Nevertheless, all types of charcoal at all placements in the forest showed an initial drop in their C concentrations, which subsequently rose back to reach near initial values in part of the charcoal types. In part of the charcoal types, N concentrations decreased throughout the experiment, exhibiting considerable variation among feedstock species, production temperature regime, and placements in the forest. C/N ratios rose especially in charcoal made from wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and charcoal that had been stored in contact with the mineral subsoil showed the most rapid mass gain. Our results confirm the important influence of production temperature and feedstock type on the degradation of charcoal, but they also show that microbial activity and environmental conditions play significant roles in charcoal degradation and thus for the fate of pyrogenic carbon under natural conditions.     

乐斯本乳油在小麦和土壤中的残留试验

2000~2001年分别在北京市郊区和武汉市郊区进行了48%乐斯本乳油在小麦和土壤中残留消解规律和最终残留量的研究。结果表明,其有效成分毒死蜱在小麦上的半衰期为2.5~4.2 d,土壤上的半衰期为3.7~9.5 d;在用量375~750 g/hm2、施用1~2次的情况下,小麦麦粉中残留量为未检出(<0.011)~0.038 mg/kg,麦秸中残留量为未检出(<0.045)~0.960 mg/kg,土壤中残留量则均未检出(<0.006 mg/kg)。     

Future of land use in Australia: An economic perspective

It is proposed that the standard economist's model of optimum land use is extended to include the interaction with land cover and land condition. Such a model allows consideration of the influence of market factors and government policies and programmes on land use patterns and management practices, and the feedback effect on land cover and land condition. Recent developments in the approach to modelling land condition, which include the joint consideration of economic factors and physical processes, are discussed. Factors affecting the pattern of agricultural land use in Australia are then reviewed. The importance of considering economic and physical interactions when assessing land use patterns is increasingly being recognized in research and policy development. If research is to meet the needs of land managers in the future then economists and physical scientists will need to integrate their data modelling capabilities in order to address natural resource management issues.     

Field measurement of the sheltering effect of vegetation on erodible land surfaces

Natural vegetation on erodible land surfaces, such as the loose sandy soils found in the southwestern United States and in Soviet Central Asia, absorbs part of the wind momentum flux (stress) and thus protects the erodible soil to a degree that depends on the geometry of plant distribution and profile. The sheltering effect of natural plants may be expressed as the ratio, R, of threshold friction velocity for the bare soil (determined in the laboratory or in specially prepared areas of bare soil in the field) to that for the naturally vegetated surface. We used new automated instrumentation to detect erosion thresholds in locations where erosion events are widely separated in time. Measured values of R were low for our most vegetated sites and nearer unity for the sparsely vegetated site.     

Trends in natural resource use and prospects for sustainable resource management in Kenya's Arid and Semiarid Lands

This paper describes the environmental problems facing the development of Kenya's Arid and Semiarid lands (ASAL) today. The problems arise because of a rapidly declining resource base in the ASAL as a result of overexploitation and misuse, following basic land use conflicts. The extent of the overutilization or resource damage is not well known and varies a great deal from one agroecological zone to another and from resource to resource in the ASAL; those most affected include: soil, water, range, forest, livestock and wildlife. As a result of increased population growth in the ASAL, these resources are under stress. This paper argues that many of the environmental problems in the ASAL cannot be solved if the development programme does not address the needs of the people who live in the ASAL. There is a need to shift the objective of ASAL development from a preoccupation with economic growth and the idea that the ASAL should make a contribution to GNP through interregional trade and export to sustainable development that enables the communities in the ASAL to support themselves at as good a standard of living as possible. The last part of this paper outlines a strategy to promote such sustainable development.     

地衣芽孢杆菌降解水产养殖中残余饵料的特性研究

从土壤及饲料添加剂中筛选获得了一株能较高效降解水产养殖中残余饵料蛋白、淀粉的功能菌,经鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌.通过研究养殖水体中饲料浓度、pH值、温度等因素对地衣芽孢杆菌降解饲料中蛋白质、淀粉的影响.结果表明,该菌降解饲料中蛋白质、淀粉的适宜条件为:饲料浓度≤5g/L,pH值6～7,温度25～30℃,盐浓度0～1%,溶氧浓度约4mg/L.地衣芽孢杆菌在这种水体生态条件下接种5%,饲料中的蛋白质与淀粉降解率约为60%.     

不同杀菌剂在麦穗中的消解动态及对小麦赤霉病防效评估

为探明不同杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病及籽粒DON的防效,分别检测6种杀菌剂对亚洲镰刀菌（F.asiaticum）的室内毒力,采用超高效液相色谱－串联质谱法（UPLC-MS/MS）分别检测、分析了6种杀菌剂施药1次和2次在麦穗中的消解动态及其对小麦赤霉病和籽粒DON的防效。结果表明,6种杀菌剂对亚洲镰刀菌菌丝生长抑制度表现为咪鲜胺>戊唑醇>氰烯菌酯>氟唑菌酰羟胺>吡唑醚菌酯>嘧菌酯。6种杀菌剂在麦穗中消解动态均符合一级动力学方程,50%咪鲜胺WP、430 g·L^-1戊唑醇SC、25%氰烯菌酯SC、200 g·L^-1氟唑菌酰羟胺SC、250 g·L^-1吡唑醚菌酯EC和250 g·L^-1嘧菌酯SC施药1次消解半衰期分别为2.081 5、3.094 4、2.365 7、3.026 8、3.209 0和3.136 4 d,施药2次消解半衰期分别为2.044 7、3.332 4、2.529 7、3.397 8、3.300 7和3.179 6 d。200 g·L^-1氟唑菌酰羟胺SC施药1次和2次病指防效分别为85.96%和94.88%,DON防效分别为81.43%和88.91%。430 g·L^-1戊唑醇SC、25%氰烯菌酯SC和50%咪鲜胺WP施药1次和2次病指防效分别为61.48%~73.62%和75.33%~86.15%,DON防效分别为53.88%~69.70%和60.09%~79.45%。250 g·L^-1吡唑醚菌酯EC和250 g·L^-1嘧菌酯SC施药1次病指防效分别为63.76%和50.47%,DON防效分别为41.03%和-28.95%;施药2次病指防效分别为79.51%和61.10%,DON防效分别为52.75%和-18.08%。综上所述,氟唑菌酰羟胺对赤霉病和籽粒DON防效最佳,而吡唑醚菌酯和嘧菌酯对小麦赤霉病和籽粒DON防效不突出,甚至增加毒素污染。