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In order to survey the behaviour of choosing the alley area instead of a cubicle as a lying place (cubicle refusal), a questionnaire was sent to the 273 dairy farms in Norway known to keep cows in cubicle housing systems. Sixty-six percent of the farmers contacted were included in the study. The median herd size was 18 cows (range 7-118). More than 85% of the herds had sheds providing one or more cubicles per cow. The mean herd occurrence of cubicle refusal was 6%, but showed great variation (range 0-55%). Regression analysis showed a significant association between rearing heifers in slatted floor pens and an increased cubicle refusal occurrence (p = 0.02, R2 = 0.05), while herd size, use of litter, or cubicle-to-animal ratio were not found to be associated with cubicle refusal. The practice of rearing heifers in slatted floor pens accounted for about one half of the observed cubicle refusal (etiologic fraction = 0.51). 相似文献
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烟台市奶牛业在改革开放以后,特别是在过去6~7年内有了较快发展,奶牛头数由1978年的不足500头发展到2001年的27000头,牛奶产量达87320t。人均年消费牛奶13.5kg。对烟台市三个奶牛场和三个奶农户抽样调查,5月中下旬奶牛日平均产奶量为24kg,年单产约在6000kg左右,与京、津、沪大型奶牛场的7000kg至9000kg有一定差距,杂交改良牛年单产依杂交改良代数和饲养管理水平不同,约在1500~4000kg。存在的主要问题是奶牛总存栏量少,育种体制不健全,饲料配合欠科学,个体户缺乏组织,产、加、销没有形成在市场经济条件下的利益共同体等。鉴此,应利用现代生物技术,加快现有品种改良,提高奶产业的产、加、销科学组织化程度,创立烟台品牌乳品加工企业等,使烟台市奶牛业向优质、高产、高效方向发展。 相似文献
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大通县城奶牛乳样中葡萄球菌的分离与鉴定 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过细菌分离培养法对大通县城奶牛乳汁样品36份进行金黄色葡萄球菌的分离,并采用金黄色葡萄球菌常规鉴定方法血浆凝固酶试验、甘露醇发酵试验和接触酶试验进行了鉴定,36份乳样中检出金黄色葡萄球菌阳性7份,阳性率为19.7%(7/36)。 相似文献
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散养成乳牛舍环境测定 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以一栋散养成乳牛舍为对象,系统地测定了舍内外的气温、气湿、风速、辐射强度、黑体温度及屋顶热流量。结果表明:从6月1日—9月10日,舍内旬均气温都在23.43℃以上,舍内14:00气温旬均值都在28℃以上,舍内旬均THI都超过71.71;屋顶热流量曲线的斜率很大、峰值出现于14:00,并且与舍外黑体温度呈高度的正相关;舍内与舍外的黑体温度、辐射强度分别呈中等以上的正相关;冬季舍内寒冷,同时受舍外气流影响大。笔者认为,通过增加牛舍高度、先用高热阻屋面材料和冬季防风可望改进此类牛舍的环境。 相似文献
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The pharmacokinetics of thiamphenicol in lactating cows 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
N. Mestorino M. F. Landoni M. Alt J. O. Errecalde 《Veterinary research communications》1993,17(4):295-303
The pharmacokinetics of thiamphenicol were studied after intravenous and intramuscular administration of 25 mg/kg body weight in lactating cows. Distribution (t
1/2) and elimination (t
1/2) half-lives of 6.10±1.39 min and 1.60±0.30 h, respectively, were obtained after intravenous administration. The body clearance was 3.9±0.077 ml/kg per min and the apparent volume of distribution was 1220.79±256.67 ml/kg. The rate at which thiamphenicol appeared in the milk, as indicated by the penetration half-life (t
1/2P) (serum to quarters), was found to be 36.89±11.14 min. The equivalent elimination half-life (t
1/2E) (quarters to serum) from the milk was 3.62±1.06 h and the peak thiamphenicol concentration in the milk was 23.09±3.42 µg/ml at 2.5±0.32 h.After intramuscular injection, the elimination half-life was 2.2±0.40 h, the absorption half-life was 4.02±1.72 min and the peak concentration in the serum was 30.90±5.24 µg/ml at 23±8.4 min. The bioavailability after intramuscular administration approached 100%. The penetration half-life was 50.59±6.87 min, the elimination half-life was 5.91±4.97 h and the mean peak concentration in the milk was 17.37±2.20 µg/ml at 3.4±0.22 h.Abbreviations AUC
area under the concentration-time curve
- CAP
chloramphenicol
-
C
max
peak concentration
- IM
intramuscular
- IV
intravenous
- TAP
thiamphenicol
-
t
1/2
distribution half-life
-
t
1/2
elimination half-life
-
V
c
volume of central compartment
-
V
d
volume of distribution 相似文献
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Linear models were developed and evaluated for the estimation of daily (24 h) and total lactation milk yield of dairy sheep from single morning (am) or evening (pm) milking records. A total of 22,908 individual test-day milk records of 5110 ewes of the Chios breed, raised in 46 flocks, were used. Depending on the model, different daily milk yield estimates were derived for each ewe, accounting for lactation number, stage of lactation, season of previous lambing and interval between successive milkings. Daily milk yield was also estimated from doubling the single am or pm record. Actual and estimated yields were compared using root mean square errors (RMSEs), mean absolute differences, an accuracy parameter defined as the ratio of the actual yield variance over the sum of the variances of actual yield and absolute difference, and the product moment correlation between estimated and actual yield. Results were validated on independent datasets. Linear models resulted in less biased and more accurate estimates of the daily milk yield than simply doubling the am or pm record. Root mean square errors decreased by 7-37% and the mean absolute difference was reduced by 1-4% of the average daily yield. Higher accuracy and correlation were obtained from linear model application than doubling. Total lactation milk yield was predicted based on actual daily yield and compared to predictions based on estimated daily yield from am or pm records, as well as directly on single milking records. Root mean square errors obtained when daily yield had been estimated with linear models were 26-35% lower compared to doubling the am or pm yield and 0-13% lower compared to estimating the total lactation yield directly from single milking records. Linear model application also resulted in lower mean absolute difference and higher accuracy and correlation than doubling the am or pm record. Recording the yield of a single milking (am or pm) instead of both can benefit milk recording by reducing its cost and increasing farmer participation. In this context, linear models developed in the present study can be used for the accurate estimation of daily (24 h) and total lactation milk yield from single milking records. 相似文献