利用远缘杂交创造核果类果树新种质的研究 I.不同处理对核果类果树远缘杂交亲和性的效应研究

 以桃、杏、李、樱桃、杏梅等核果类果树的9个品种为亲本共69个组合进行了远缘杂交,研究了不同处理对核果类果树远缘杂交亲和性的效应。结果表明,铃铛花期授粉的坐果率显著高于初花期授粉的坐果率;同一杂交组合,正反交坐果率差异显著;母本对远缘杂交亲和性影响很大,父本对远缘杂交亲和性的影响较小;适宜场强的静电场、He-Ne激光处理及60Coγ射线与He-Ne激光联合处理花粉均能显著提高花粉离体萌芽率,用上述处理的花粉进行远缘杂交,坐果率明显高于对照;60Coγ射线处理则降低了花粉离体萌芽率,远缘杂交的坐果率也低于对照。     

洋水仙品种生物学特性及其杂交亲和性分析

在南京地区观察记载从荷兰引入的22个洋水仙品种的植物学特征、观赏特性和物候期等生物学特性,按照美国水仙协会制定的标准进行归类,分属10个类型,均可在南京地区栽培种植。利用正交试验筛选出适宜于洋水仙花粉离体萌芽的液体培养基为蔗糖50 g/L+硼酸30 mg/L+氯化钙30 mg/L,检测21个品种的花粉萌芽率,其中Hawera、Martinette、Minnow、Suzy和Tête-à-Tête 5个品种在试验条件下花粉不萌发,可能为雄性不育。28个组合的杂交亲和性分析筛选出Actaea、Barrett Browning、Dutch Master、Fortissimo、Martinette Mitchell、Mount Hood和Salome能结实且花粉具育性,其中Actaea和Mount Hood自交结实,这7个品种可作为杂交育种的亲本材料。     

一种新型的牡丹各持资源——牡丹高代杂种

牡丹高代杂种属于牡丹革质花盘亚组与肉质花盘亚组间的远缘杂种，在育种及应用领域有着巨大潜力。本文介绍了牡丹高代杂种的育种历史、生物学特性，并结合我国牡丹种质资源的特点，阐述了牡丹高代杂种在我国的科学价值和应用前景。     

玉米与玉米近缘种可杂交性研究

本文对玉米与其近缘种及它们的杂交或回交后代的可杂交性进行了研究。结果表明，玉米近缘种的多数材料都能与玉米杂交结实，它们的杂种F1均表现出强的杂种优势和光敏反应；远缘杂交亲和性的母本效应较大，且与物种间遗传距离直接相关。此外，还对玉米近缘材料在玉米遗传育种中的应用进行了探讨。     

亚洲百合杂交亲和性研究

本实验用常规授粉的方法,对亚洲百合自交、系内杂交和系间杂交亲和性进行了研究,旨在为百合育种研究提供一定的依据。通过试验发现,自交试验中只有‘Mount Duckling’得到膨大的果实;系内杂交试验中共计19个杂交组合,其中13个组合得到膨大的果实,10个组合得到胚;系间杂交试验中以2个东方百合品种为父本,共计12个杂交组合,均未得到胚。通过研究还发现,正反交对结实率也有很大影响。     

短茎萼脊兰种质特性研究

在浙江省境内采集到短茎萼脊兰种野生植株,并对其野生生境、植物学特性与开花结果习性进行了观察研究;通过耐寒性试验、测评,发现在室内绝对低温6.1℃条件下,短茎萼脊兰能安全越冬,用电导法配合Logistic方程分析,其低温半致死温度为1.7℃;根据杂交试验结果,短茎萼脊兰与蝴蝶兰间具有较强的亲和力,杂交组合坐果率达37.5%～81.25%。     

梨花柱半离体培养法及品种自交不亲和基因型鉴定

 ：切取梨授粉花柱进行半离体培养的结果表明，杂交不亲和性组合从花柱基部长出花粉管的花柱比率为0～32．4％ ，且大多在16％ 以下，而杂交亲和性组合为51．6％ ～86．7％ ，与田间杂交授粉的坐果率相近，且在授粉花粉的萌发率达20％以上时，温室水培枝条促成的花与露地开花的花之间没有显著差异。应用此方法鉴定出了梨品种‘筑水’、‘喜水’及‘爱甘水’的s基因型分别为s s 、s s 、及s s 。     

Pollen–style compatibility in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)

The role of pollen–stigma interaction and pollen tube growth as a measure of genetic compatibility was studied in eleven clones of cashew under a tropical rainforest ecology in Southwestern Nigeria between 1999 and 2002. Diallel cross of the clones showed that 55.00% of the cross-pollinated crosses showed high pollen cross-compatibility (CC) indicating moderate genetic distance in the population. About 54.55% of the clones showed evidence of self-compatibility, therefore confirming that cashew is self-fertile. Cytological examination however suggests possible postzygotic self-incompatibility in the crop as no evidence of tube growth inhibition was recorded in both cross- and self-pollinated styles. Correlation between maternal compatibility (pollen recipients) and fruit set shows that more attention need to be focused in this direction during selection. Based on the data from this study, the use of combinations of floral quality characteristics like high pollen fertility, prolific flowering, and high flower sex ratio plus high cross-compatibility as reliable selection criteria for cashew yield improvement is therefore suggested.     

木兰科植物杂交育种研究进展

简述了木兰科植物的种质资源和杂交育种的意义,重点总结了近年来国内外木兰科植物杂交育种的进展,分析了木兰科植物之间杂交亲和性,并对今后木兰科植物杂交育种进行了展望.     

Creating New Germplasm by Distant Hybridization in Stone Fruits:Ⅰ.Effects of Different Treatments on Cross Compatibility of Distant Hybridization in Stone Fruits

The effects of different treatments on cross compatibility in distant hybridization were studied in 69 cross combinations among 9 cultivars of stone fruits. The results showed that the setting percentage in balloon stage was obviously higher than that in early blooming stage. The differences of fruit set between positive and reverse crosses were significant. Female parent affected cross compatibility more remarkably than male parent in distant hybridization. The appropriate electrostatic field, He-Ne laser combined treatment with 60Co γ -ray and He-Ne laser could improve the pollen germination rate in vitro effectively, the fruit set percentage was higher than control, while 60Co γ -ray treatment reduced the pollen germination rate in vitro, and the fruit set percentage obtained by distant hybridization was lower than control.