双孢蘑菇性亲和性相关分子标记的初步筛选

以传统的形态，生理生化分析和最新的DCS－PDMA性亲和性测定方法为基础， 结合群体分离分析和RAPD技术来源于同一双孢蘑菇异核体菌株的12个不育同核原生质体个体进行分析，筛选与性亲和性相关的分子标记。研究结果表明，供试的12个不育同核原生质体个体被分成两大类性亲和性类型，其中一类（A^ ）包括不育同核原生质体个体B、C、D、E、F、G、H、I、J、L，另一类（A^-）则仅仅包括不育同核原生质体个体K和M，同时筛选到一个与性亲和性相关的分子标记OPA16 1500。从而为间地利用双孢蘑菇本身特有的交配型作标记来指导杂交育种工作和进一步将性亲和性基因定位分离克隆奠定了坚实的基础。     

SoilFlex‐LLWR: linking a soil compaction model with the least limiting water range concept

Soil compaction impacts growing conditions for plants: it increases the mechanical resistance to root growth and modifies the soil pore system and consequently the supply of water and oxygen to the roots. The least limiting water range (LLWR) defines a range of soil water contents within which root growth is minimally limited with regard to water supply, aeration and penetration resistance. The LLWR is a function of soil bulk density (BD), and hence directly affected by soil compaction. In this paper, we present a new model, ‘SoilFlex‐LLWR’, which combines a soil compaction model with the LLWR concept. We simulated the changes in LLWR due to wheeling with a self‐propelled forage harvester on a Swiss clay loam soil (Gleyic Cambisol) using the new SoilFlex‐LLWR model, and compared measurements of the LLWR components as a function of BD with model estimations. SoilFlex‐LLWR allows for predictions of changes in LLWR due to compaction caused by agricultural field traffic and therefore provides a quantitative link between impact of soil loading and soil physical conditions for root growth.     

Responses of soil nematode community structure to soil carbon changes due to different tillage and cover crop management practices over a nine-year period in Kanto,Japan

The response of the soil food web structure to soil quality changes during long-term anthropogenic disturbance due to farming practices has not been well studied. We evaluated the effects of three tillage systems: moldboard plow/rotary harrow (MP), rotary cultivator (RC), and no-tillage (NT), three winter cover-crop types (fallow, FL; rye, RY; and hairy vetch, HV), and two nitrogen fertilization rates (0 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ for upland rice, and 0 and 20 kg N ha⁻¹ for soybean production) on changes in nematode community structure. Sixty-nine taxa were counted, total nematode abundance (ALL), bacterial feeders (BAC), predators (PRD), omnivores (OMN), and obligatory root feeders (ORF) were more abundant in NT than in MP and RC, but fungal feeders and facultative root feeders (FFR) were more abundant in RC than in NT and MP. Cover crop also influenced nematode community structure; rye and hairy vetch were always higher in ALL, BAC, FFR, ORF, and OMN than fallow. Seasonal changes in nematode community structure were also significant; in particular, as soil carbon increased, nematode abundance also increased. The relationship between nematode indices and soil carbon was significant only in NT, but not in MP and RC. In NT, with increasing soil carbon, enrichment index and structure index (SI) were positive and significant and channel index was negative. Bulk density was significantly negatively correlated with FFR and ORF. Seasonal difference in nematode community between summer and autumn was larger in an upland rice rotation than in a soybean rotation. Over the nine-year experiment, SI increased not only in NT but also in MP and RC, suggesting that repeated similar tillage inversions in agroecosystems may develop nematode community structures adapted to specific soil environmental conditions. Because NT showed the highest values of both SI and soil carbon, the increase of soil carbon in NT is expected to have a great impact on developing a more diverse nematode community structure.     

Uniformity of soil test results as influenced by volume weight

Abstract

Samples of four soils having a wide range of volume weights (0.65, 1.02, 1.25, 1.62 g/cm³) were either weighed or measured by volume and extracted with: (a) the Bray P₁ extractant, (b) the Mehlich double acid extractant for P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn and (c) neutral N NH₄OAc for K, Ca, Mg all at a soil/extracting solution ratio of 1:10. The soil test results were recorded on a volume basis in mg/dm³ and on a weight basis in mg/kg.

The test values for all macronutrients obtained with all extractants decreased, relative to a constant volume, with increasing VW of soil when analyzed and expressed on a weight basis. Results based on the use of a volume sample (scooped) but calculated on an assumed weight of soil changed the values in direct ratio of 1/assumed VW. The use of an assumed VW has no justification, since uniform soil test results can be obtained when expressed on a volume basis by either using a scooped sample of known volume or a weighed sample followed by multiplication with the VW of each soil.     

Assessing the within-herd prevalence of Coxiella burnetii milk-shedder cows using a real-time PCR applied to bulk tank milk

Thirty-seven bulk tank milk (BTM) and individual milk samples of all contributing cows were tested for Coxiella burnetii detection by a real-time PCR assay and used to assess the relationship between the BTM PCR-response and (i) the within-herd prevalence of milk-shedder cows and (ii) the proportion of heavy milk-shedder cows. The within-herd prevalence of milk-shedder cows (i) was found to be significantly higher in herds with a positive BTM and (ii) increased significantly with the estimated titre in Coxiella burnetii obtained in positive BTM. The proportion of heavy milk-shedder cows among the milk-shedder cows increased significantly with an increased estimated titre in Coxiella burnetii in positive BTM. Therefore, a real-time PCR assay applied to BTM samples collected repeatedly over time appears to be a valuable tool to assess on a larger scale the status of herds towards Coxiella shedding, and to evaluate the efficiency of control actions aimed at controlling and/or preventing Coxiella shedding in dairy herds.     

低毒脲醛树脂固化物的甲醛释放

对不同固化体系下三种低毒脲醛树脂固化物随环境变化的甲醛释放量进行了具体研究。试验结果表明:固化体系不同,脲醛树脂的甲醛释放量有很大差别。随着温度的升高,甲醛释放量明显增加;随着时间的变化,脲醛树脂固化物的甲醛释放量逐渐减少,第5天以后逐渐趋于稳定。用三聚氰胺进行改性的脲醛树脂的甲醛释放量明显低于未加任何改性剂的脲醛树脂。     

混合方式对泡沫砂与土壤混合均匀性的影响

通过设置常规混合+风干态泡沫砂(CK)、常规混合+水浸态泡沫砂(1T)、常规混合+泥浆态泡沫砂(2T)、分层混合+风干态泡沫砂(3T)和分层混合+水浸态泡沫砂(4T) 5个处理,研究了不同混合方式对泡沫砂和土壤混合均匀性的影响,并采用容重的标准差和变异系数表征混合均匀性。结果表明:泡沫砂形态显著影响了混合均匀性。采用常规混合时,水浸态泡沫砂显著增加了0～10 cm和0～20cm土层混合均匀性,容重的标准差比风干态泡沫砂分别降低了188%和105%,容重的变异系数分别降低了62.1%和50.1%;与风干态泡沫砂相比,泥浆态泡沫砂不仅显著降低了不同土层的混合均匀性,还显著降低了混合物内部的混合均匀性,0～10 cm土层容重的标准差和变异系数分别比10～20 cm土层显著增加68.1%和50.8%。单变量分析表明,混合方式对混合均匀性无显著性影响,混合方式和泡沫砂形态之间无交互效应,泡沫砂形态是影响泡沫砂和土壤混合均匀性的主要因素。采用水浸态泡沫砂在常规混合方式下与土壤混合,不仅提高了混合物整体以及不同土层的混合均匀性,而且还降低了不同层次之间混合均匀性的差异。因此,建议采用常规混合+水浸态泡沫砂的方式混合土壤和泡沫砂。     

生物炭和无机肥对盐碱滩涂围垦农田土壤性状的影响

在重度盐碱滩涂围垦的土地上,添加不同量的生物炭(0、3、6、9 hm~(-2)),在玉米不同生育期施加无机肥,对照CK不施肥,研究土壤在不进行作物种植下的性状变化。结果表明:自然条件下重度盐碱土地土壤物理性状变差,施用无机肥加剧了土壤的退化程度;在未种植作物条件下,生物炭添加没有对降低土壤容重起到促进作用,同时也没有提高土壤饱和含水量及田间持水量;团聚体组成分析显示生物炭用量在3 t hm~(-2)时土壤中2 mm团聚体增加最多;雨季时雨水淋洗显著降低土壤0~20 cm土层盐分,生物炭用量越大土壤盐分淋洗效果越明显;八月份和九月份时随着雨季结束,地下水位升高、太阳辐射增强加速了盐分在表层土壤的积聚,生物炭添加能有效抑制盐分在表层的积累,但无机肥添加又阻碍了这种抑制作用。     

Moisture conservation for rainfed wheat production with alternative mulches and conservation tillage in the hills of north-west India

In the hills of north–west India, maize (Zea mays L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the dominant cropping system. However, rainfed wheat suffers from lack of optimum moisture at sowing. Field experiments were conducted for 3 years on a silty clay loam (Typic Hapludalf) to evaluate the effectiveness of mulches and conservation tillage for rainfed wheat in mitigating this problem. The treatments were ten factorial combinations of five mulch-tillage practices and two nitrogen levels (N₆₀ and N₁₂₀ kg ha⁻¹). Mulch treatments consisted of application of 10 Mg ha⁻¹ (dry weight basis), to previous standing maize, of either wild sage (Lantana camara L.) or eupatorium (Eupatorium adenophorum Sprengel) in combination with either conventional or conservation (minium) tillage prior to wheat sowing. These alternative practices were compared to the conventional farmer practice of soil tillage after harvest of maize with no mulch. The application of these weed mulches to standing maize maintained friable soil structure owing to a five fold higher mean population of earthworms underneath mulch. Mulches resulted in 0.06–0.10 m³ m⁻³ higher moisture in the seed-zone when wheat was sown compared with the conventional farmer practice of soil tillage after maize harvest. Mulch-conservation tillage treatments favourably moderated the hydro-thermal regime for growing a wheat crop. The mean root mass density under these treatments at wheat flowering was higher by 1.27–1.40 times over the conventional farmer practice during the 3 year study. Conservation tillage holds promise because it does not require elaborate tillage and may ultimately reduce animal draught in the hilly regions. Recycling available organic materials having no fodder value coupled with conservation tillage may help enrich the soil environment in the long-term. The practice also offers gainful use of these obnoxious weeds that cause great menace in grass and forest lands in the region.