The Inheritance of Aliphatic Glucosinolates in Brassica napus

The inheritance of aliphatic glucosinolates was studied in crosses between synthetic B. napus lines and oilseed rape cultivars. Six unlinked loci are described which determine the aliphatic glucosinolate profile of B. napus. One locus regulates the presence or absence of propyl glucosinolates, while another regulates the expression of pentyl glucosinolates. Two loci regulate the removal of the terminal H₃CS-group from the amino acid derivative to produce alkenyl glucosinolates as opposed to methylthioalkyl and methylsulphinylalkyl glucosinolates, regardless of the length of the alkyl chain. Likewise, another two loci regulate the hydroxylation of both butenyl and pentenyl glucosinolates. The functional alleles at one of the hydroxylation loci results in significantly more hydroxylation than those at the other locus. The large number of aliphatic glucosinolates which have been described in Brassica thus results from an interaction between genes which regulate side chain elongation and genes which modify the structure of the side chain, regardless of its length. The implications of this study for the biosynthesis of aliphatic glucosinolates, the origin of B. napus and the potential to manipulate the leaf and seed glucosinolate profile of oilseed rape are discussed.     

Effect of Completion of Vernalization on Generative Development of Winter Rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) Plants

Germinating seeds and young plants of winter rape var. Górczañski were vernalized for 56–63 days under conditions of 9-hour day, at the temperature 2 and 5 °C and in continuous darkness at the temperature 2 °C. After vernalization the plants grew under conditions enabling to complete vernalization: in a glass-house at the temperature day/night 15/10 °C and in semi natural conditions of open vegetation hall in the period from June till August. After sub-optimal vernalization further growth of the plants at lowered temperature increased its effectiveness (completion of vernalization). Depending on the degree of the vernalization of the plants the completion of their vernalization was both obligatory, i.e. conditioning the acquisition of the ability of generative development, and facultative i.e. accelerating this development. It has been demonstrated that the population of plants of the examined variety is strongly differentiated not only with respect of vernalization requirements in the particular plants, but also what regards the effectiveness of vernalization completion. New observations have been made indicating that the mechanisms controlling the successive phases of generative development, i.e. phase of forming flower buds and the flowering phase are not identical which may be interpreted as indicating that the "flowering factor" is polymorphous.     

Variation in the development of secondary dormancy in oilseed rape genotypes under conditions of stress

Summary A substantial amount of seed is left in the fields before and during harvest of oilseed rape. Although this crop exhibits little or no primary dormancy, the absence of certain environmental cues that promote germination of imbibed seeds induces secondary dormancy. The work reported investigated the extent to which environmental stress conditions, including osmotic stress, low oxygen stress and anaerobiosis, induce secondary dormancy in oilseed rape, and examined the variation in development of secondary dormancy between and within genotypes. Osmotic stress was most effective in inducing dormancy. Anaerobic treatment produced very few dormant seeds, as did an atmosphere low in oxygen and high in nitrogen. The development of secondary dormancy under osmotic stress varied considerably between and within genotypes. Dormancy ranged from almost zero to about 60% for winter genotypes and about 85% for spring types. Within genotypes, variations occurred between seed lots and years of harvest. Temperature variations affected the percentage of dormant seeds. More dormant seeds were likely to be produced with incubation under water stress at 20 °C than at 12 °C. In winter genotypes, fewer dormant seeds were produced when incubation temperature and germination test temperatures differed. Thus, incubating at 20 °C and 12 °C, followed by germination tests at 20 °C and 12 °C, respectively, produced most dormant seeds. Also, in the winter genotypes, the potential development of secondary dormancy was positively correlated with the pattern and speed of germination of untreated seeds.     

甘蓝型油菜GZ522早花性状形成的分子基础

选择适当早花早熟的油菜资源是解决多熟制生产中冬季作物油菜与其它夏季作物接茬矛盾的关键;早花是早熟的基础,对油菜早花材料的早花形成原因开展研究,有利于通过分子育种加速选育适合生产需要的新品种.本研究选取稳定的早花早熟品系GZ522作为研究对象,以甘蓝型油菜XY15为对照,采用生物统计学和分子生物学方法对其农艺性状和早花形...     

甘蓝型冬油菜在西北寒旱区适应性分析

为了研究甘蓝型冬油菜在西北寒旱区的适应性,以29份甘蓝型冬油菜品系为材料,分析在天水、兰州两个试点越冬率、生育期、产量、含油量及农艺性状的差异。结果表明,参试品系在天水试点越冬率均高于兰州试点,在天水试点,21份参试品系越冬率80.00%以上,而兰州试点在覆盖条件下越冬率平均为14.49%,最高为平甘1号(48.50%)。联合方差表明,试点气候差异是引起越冬率差异的最主要原因。与天水试点相比,参试品系北移至兰州试点后越冬期延长,冬后生育期缩短,全生育期延长;在天水试点参试品系株高、分枝部位、主花序长度、千粒重、折合每667 m~2产量、含油量平均值分别为133.52 cm、32.79 cm、51.37 cm、3.15 g、184.20 kg、40.16%,较兰州分别高22.11 cm、31.58 cm、2.47 cm、0.66 g、160.54 kg、22.54%;变异分析表明,在天水试点参试品系越冬率、主要农艺性状、产量、含油量变异系数相对兰州试点较小,相对稳定。结论:天水试点气候条件更适合甘蓝型冬油菜的生长,参试品系越冬率高、农艺性状良好、产量高、含油量高,适应性强。     

甘蓝型双低油菜品种"沪油18"的选育

"沪油18"是采用品种间杂交,低世代抗性鉴定和定向筛选育成的高产、抗(耐)菌核病和病毒病、抗倒伏和抗冻甘蓝型双低油菜新品种。该品种种子含油率42%,芥酸含量0.33%,硫苷含量10.16μmol/g。在上海市油菜区域试验中平均产量2 338.5 kg/hm~2,比双低对照"沪油15"增产4.1%。     

人工合成甘蓝型油菜抗根肿病遗传研究初报

以普通甘蓝型油菜品种中油821和人工合成甘蓝型油菜品系HW 243配制的6个遗传世代群体(P1,P2,F1,BC1,BC2,F2)为材料,采用病区自然鉴定法,对抗根肿病特性进行了初步的遗传规律研究。结果表明:亲本中油821表现为高度感病,HW 243为高度抗病,F1群体为高抗;F2群体发生抗性分离,抗感比为3.082∶1,经2χ测定符合3∶1比例,概率达0.95~0.99。B1群体亦发生抗性分离,抗感比为1∶1.174,经χ2测定符合1∶1比例,概率0.3~0.5;而BC2群体中则全为抗病类型。结果分析表明,人工合成甘蓝型油菜HW 243的抗根肿病特性受一对显性基因控制。     

甘蓝型油菜一个代表性核心种质的遴选

【目的】分析甘蓝型油菜的遗传多样性,遴选核心种质。【方法】将来自欧洲、亚洲、加拿大、澳大利亚和中国几个不同地区的甘蓝型油菜500余份,按照其品质特点、地理位置、生长习性分组并按比例取样,建立由87个品种组成的预选核心种质。采用EST-STS标记和SSR标记对其进行分析,剔除遗传冗余,选出代表该500余份资源的核心种质并进行分子标记多样性评价和表型特征分析。【结果】在相同的选择背景下,EST-STS和SSR 标记的多态性检出率相仿（39%～40%）,每对EST引物与SSR引物产生的多态性条带相近。聚类分析在遗传相似系数0.65处把87个品种分成中国和国外油菜两个类群,进一步在约0.70处类群Ⅰ和类群Ⅱ又分别产生中国“双低”、中国“双高”以及欧洲冬油菜和欧洲春油菜各两个亚组。根据遗传多样性分析,剔除遗传相似系数大于或等于0.85的遗传冗余,获得78个品种的核心种质。【结论】EST-STS是一种经济、有效具有功能信息的分子标记,功效与普通SSR标记相仿;遗传多样性和聚类分析结果为甘蓝型油菜4个组的划分提供了依据;78个品种组成的核心种质保留了预选核心种质的遗传多样性和结构,可作为本研究中500余份品种资源的核心种质加以利用和保存。     

菜心细胞质雄性不育系转育研究

以油菜波里马胞质雄性不育系为不育源,四九菜心等6个品种为轮回亲本进行杂交、回交转育研究。结果表明:经过4个世代的单株选择和回交转育,选育出菜心胞质雄性不育材料经济性状与轮回亲本相似,平均不育株率为89.4%。其中以80天特青为轮回亲本转育的不育材料表现最好,不育株率达到98%,基本达到菜心胞质雄性不育系的育种目标。     

浙北地区优质甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)产量性状与产量的关系

对24个高产优质甘蓝型油菜品种(系)的单株产量及9个产量性状进行统计分析,结果表明,单株有效角果数、每角果实粒数、千粒重对单株产量的正效应达显著或极显著水平;单株有效角果数和每角果实粒数对产量的直接通径系数分别为0.9702和0.8439,且净效应均达极显著正值;而千粒重对产量的直接通径系数虽为正值且较大,但净效应呈负值;结角密度对产量的直接通径系数及净效应均为负值。研究结果分析,浙北优质甘蓝型油菜高产的育种方向,在选择合适结角密度的基础上,重点应放在每角果实粒数和单株有效总角果数两个主要目标性状的选择上,同时兼顾千粒重。