Influence of soil phosphorus status,texture, pH and metal content on the efficacy of amendments to pig slurry in reducing phosphorus losses

Cost‐effective strategies for using chemically amended organic fertilizers need to be developed to minimize nutrient losses in surface and groundwater. Coupling specific soil physical and chemical characteristics with amendment type could increase their effectiveness. This study investigated how water‐extractable phosphorus (P) was affected by chemical amendments added to pig slurry and how this effect varied with soil properties. A 3‐month incubation study was conducted on 18 different mineral soils, stored at 10 °C and 75% humidity and treated with unamended and amended slurry which was incorporated at a rate equivalent to 19 kg total P (TP )/ha. The amendments examined were commercial‐grade liquid alum, applied at a rate of 0.88:1 [Al:TP ], and commercial‐grade liquid poly‐aluminium chloride (PAC ), applied at a rate of 0.72:1 [Al:TP ]. These amendments were previously identified by the authors as being effective in reducing incidental losses of P. The efficacy of the amendments varied with the soil test P, the degree of P saturation (DPS ) and the Mehlich aluminium, iron and calcium, but not soil texture. Chemical amendments were most effective in soils with DPS over approximately 20%. Due to their high cost, the incorporation of amendments into existing management practices can only be justified as part of a holistic management plan where soils have high DPS .     

Mitigation of N2O emissions from grassland by nitrification inhibitor and Actilith F2 applied with fertilizer and cattle slurry

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is involved in both ozone destruction and global warming. In agricultural soils it is produced by nitrification and denitrification mainly after fertilization. Nitrification inhibitors have been proposed as one of the management tools for the reduction of the potential hazards of fertilizer-derived N₂O. Addition of nitrification inhibitors to fertilizers maintains soil N in ammonium form, thereby gaseous N losses by nitrification and denitrification are less likely to occur and there is increased N utilization by the sward. We present a study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and of the slurry additive Actilith F2 on N₂O emissions following application of calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry to a mixed clover/ryegrass sward in the Basque Country. The results indicate that large differences in N₂O emission occur depending on fertilizer type and the presence or absence of a nitrification inhibitor. There is considerable scope for immediate reduction of emissions by applying DCD with calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry. DCD, applied at 25 kg ha^–1, reduced the amount of N lost as N₂O by 60% and 42% when applied with cattle slurry and calcium ammonium nitrate, respectively. Actilith F2 did not reduce N₂O emissions and it produced a long lasting mineralization of previously immobilized added N.     

Long-term application of animal slurries to grassland alters soil cation balance

Abstract. Soil samples from a 32-year grassland field experiment were taken from 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm soil depths in February 2002. Plots received annual treatments of unamended control, mineral fertilizer, three rates of pig slurry and three rates of cow slurry, each with six replicates. Samples were analysed for cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), pH and Olsen P. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was calculated as a sodicity indicator. Mean ESP was generally greater for slurry treatments than the control, with a trend of increasing ESP with application rate. This was particularly marked for cow slurry. At 0–5 cm depth ESP increased from 1.18 in the control to 1.75 at the highest rate of pig slurry and 5.60 at the highest rate of cow slurry. Similar trends were shown for CEC, exchangeable Na⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Olsen P. The build-up of soil P due to slurry applications, together with this combination of physical and chemical factors, may increase the risk of P loss to surface waters, particularly from soils receiving high rates of cow slurry.     

Impact of pig slurry on soil properties, water salinization, nitrate leaching and crop yield in a four-year experiment in Central Spain

Abstract. The repeated application of pig slurry to agricultural soils may result in an accumulation of salts and a risk of aquifer pollution due to nitrate leaching and salinization. Under Mediterranean conditions, a field experiment on a sandy loam soil (Typic Xerofluvent) was performed with maize (Zea mays) in 1998, 1999 and 2001 to study the effects of applying optimal (P1) and excessive rates (P3) of pig slurry on soil salinization, nitrate leaching and groundwater pollution. The rate of pig slurry was established considering the optimal N rate for maize in this soil (170, 162 and 176 kg N ha^?1 for 1998, 1999 and 2001, respectively). Pig slurry treatments were compared to an optimal N rate supplied as urea (U) and a control treatment without N fertilizer (P0). The composition of the slurries showed great variability between years. Mean NO₃^? leaching losses from 1998 to 2001 were 329, 215, 173 and 78 kg N ha^?1 for P3, P1, U and P0 treatments, respectively. The amount of total dissolved salts (TDS) added to the soil in slurry application between 1998 and 2001 was 2019 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P1 treatment and 6058 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P3 treatment. As a consequence, the electrical conductivity (EC) of the slurry‐treated soils was greater than that of the control soil. The EC correlated significantly with the sodium concentration of the soil solution. Over the entire experimental period, 2653, 2202 and 2110 kg Na ha^?1 entered the aquifer from the P3, P1 and P0 treatments, respectively. The P3 treatment did not significantly increase grain production in 1999 and 2001 compared with that achieved with the optimal N rate treatment (P1). This behaviour shows the importance of establishing application guidelines for pig slurry that will reduce the risk of soil and groundwater pollution.     

沼液兼养培养微藻潜力及不同有机碳源影响

利用沼液培养微藻可在收获藻生物质的同时回收碳、氮、磷养分,是沼液资源化利用极具潜力的途径。与光合自养相比,兼养培养可实现藻生物量快速积累,且对光、碳利用灵活,与透光性不佳的沼液相性较好,但目前缺乏相关研究论证其可行性。本文首先选取了小球藻 Chlorella sp.、蛋白核小球藻 Chlorella pyrenoidosa、栅藻 Scenedesmus sp.,以葡萄糖为碳源利用猪粪沼液对 3株微藻进行了兼养培养。结果显示,兼养策略可在大幅强化藻生物量积累的同时协同提升沼液污染物去除。其中,Chlorella pyrenoidosa展现出最佳的生物量及养分去除优势,培养7 d生物量可达1.51 g·L^-1,为光合自养的6.12倍,沼液COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷去除率较自养分别提高了20、36、41个和32个百分点。本研究进一步考察了具备两种典型碳代谢路径的有机碳源（葡萄糖-三羧酸循环,乙酸钠-乙醛酸循环）对Chlorella pyrenoidosa沼液兼养培养的影响,发现葡萄糖相较于乙酸钠更适宜作为沼液兼养培养的有机碳源,且葡萄糖浓度与利用效率呈负相关,1 g·L^-1葡萄糖浓度条件下Chlorella pyrenoidosa具有最高的单位有机碳生物量产率。此外,兼养微藻通过代谢葡萄糖可协同提升光合性能,使PSⅡ最大量子产量、实际量子产量、调节性能量耗散量子产量等维持较高水平,既弥补了沼液弱透光下光能不足,也强化了持续光照后的光系统损伤恢复机制。因此,本研究认为以添加1 g·L^-1葡萄糖的沼液兼养培养Chlorella pyrenoidosa是克服沼液养藻光衰减等不利因素,强化微藻生物量产量及养分回收效率的有效方式,在畜禽养殖场沼液生物消纳与资源化利用方面有较好的应用前景。     

纳米Al_2O_3改性水性木器漆耐磨性和硬度的研究

为提高水性聚丙烯酸酯木器漆的耐磨性和硬度,进行纳米Al2O3浆料的制备及其对水性木器漆改性的研究,探讨分析不同制备方法和Al2O3添加量对漆膜耐磨性和硬度的影响。结果表明:以聚丙烯酰胺为分散剂、聚乙二醇和辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚为润湿剂、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为稳定保护胶,在高速搅拌下制成的纳米Al2O3浆料,在透射电镜下观察发现纳米Al2O3颗粒分布均匀,具有良好的分散性;在不影响漆膜透明度的情况下,漆膜耐磨性和硬度随Al2O3添加量增加得到提高,添加量在1.5%时漆膜具有较好的耐磨性和硬度;纳米杂合工艺法的漆膜耐磨性和硬度优于后添加法制备的水性木器漆涂膜。     

KPY全衬里部分流型油浆泵的研制

通过对三种类型的油浆泵的比较分析，阐述了全衬里部分流型油浆泵的技术优势。由于叶轮采用全开式部分流设计，从水力上降低了舍催化颗粒介质对叶片的磨损，可以满足高温、重载、抗磨蚀及冲刷工艺流程要求。适用于涉及到工厂安全、人身安全、环境安全等重要场合中。具有广泛的应用与推广前景。     

沼肥对水稻增产作用的研究

本文根据本所4年沼肥肥效定位试验结果,证实沼气发酵剩余物是一种缓速兼性的优质有机肥料。不仅沼液、浮渣、沉渣单独施用对水稻有较为显著的增产作用,而且沼液、浮渣、沉渣合并施用对水稻的增产作用更为显著,因此,必须纠正某些地方“弃渣用液”或“弃液用渣”的片面施用沼肥的现象,大力提倡全沼肥的合理施用。     

铁法预处理糖蜜酒精废液沼气发酵工艺的研究

本研究采用法法预处理糖蜜精废液，并将其进行厌氧发酵试验，试验的厌氧罐容积为１３Ｌ，预处理容积为１．３Ｌ结果表明：经铁法预处理后的糖蜜酒精度液能够稳定地用于沼气发酵，而且所产沼气的Ｈ２Ｓ含量大减少。     

不同沼液灌溉量下橡胶幼苗生长及土壤肥力特征

为明确不同沼液灌溉量下橡胶幼苗的生长状况及土壤肥力特征,以便科学指导施肥,本研究以橡胶树实生苗为研究对象,采用土培试验方法,设置7个不同沼液用量处理,分别为0 mL（T0）、471 mL（T1）、942 mL（T2）、1413 mL（T3）、1884 mL（T4）、2355 mL（T5）、2826 mL（T6）,测定分析了不同沼液用量的橡胶幼苗长势及主要土壤肥力因子。结果表明：沼液灌溉有利于橡胶幼苗生长,不同处理间橡胶幼苗苗木质量指数大小顺序为：T4（1884 mL）>T3（1413 mL）、T5（2355 mL）>T2（942 mL）>T0（0 mL）、T1（471 mL）>T6（2826 mL）,沼液施用量为T4处理时苗木质量指数最佳,株高、地径指标偏优,预示植株定植成活率高;同时施用沼液有利于土壤养分含量的增加,并提高土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性;采用主成分分析法和隶属度函数法对试验组土壤质量综合指数进行计算,结果表明,试验组土壤质量综合指数表现为T3（0.933）>T5（0.906）>T4（0.855）>T2（0.826）>T6（0.794）>T1（0.742）。研究认为,施加沼液可明显改良土壤化学性质,但过度施加沼液会降低苗木质量指数,且沼液量为1413~1884 mL时为最适灌溉量。