6种杀菌剂对西瓜炭疽病的防效试验

采用6种杀菌剂对西瓜炭疽病进行田间药效试验。3次药后试验结果表明:50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂和25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油效果最好,防效在73%以上;10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和25%溴菌腈可湿性粉剂防效次之,防效在67%以上;50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂和80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂防效较差,防效为50%左右。药剂处理后,50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂、25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油和对照,中心可溶性固形物含量分别为11.8%、12.0%、9.8%;两种药剂比对照分别增产30.96%、28.26%,增产效果显著。因此,推荐50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂和25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油为目前防治西瓜炭疽病的理想药剂。     

Autoclaved spent substrate of hatakeshimeji mushroom (Lyophyllum decastes Sing.) and its water extract protect cucumber from anthracnose

The protective effect of fresh spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of hatakeshimeji (Lyophyllum decastes Sing.), a popular culinary-medicinal mushroom, and its water extract against anthracnose of cucumber was investigated. Plants were treated with water extract from SMS or autoclaved water extract by spraying the whole plant or by dipping the first true leaf, and inoculated with Colletotrichum orbiculare seven days later. Plants treated with either of the extracts showed a significant reduction of necrotic lesions. On the other hand, when plants were grown in a mixture (1:2, v/v) of SMS or autoclaved SMS and soil, a disease reduction of over 70% was observed in autoclaved SMS. The water extract showed no antifungal activity against spore germination and mycelial growth of the pathogen. Real-time PCR analyses of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase genes revealed a significant increase of expressions after 24 h of pathogen inoculation in water extract-treated plants compared with the control plants. These results suggest that water-soluble and heat-stable compounds in SMS enhance the state of systemic acquired resistance and protect cucumbers from anthracnose. Thus, the use of SMS for disease control may offer a new technology for the recycling and management of waste from mushroom cultivation.     

钾营养对菜薹（菜心）炭疽病发生和植株防御酶活性的影响

通过接种炭疽病菌,测定了不同钾营养水平下菜薹的抗病品种和感病品种的病情指数、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性。结果表明,不同钾营养水平处理的菜薹炭疽病发病程度均比对照轻,病情指数明显下降,钾营养处理明显增加了菜薹对炭疽病的抗性水平。随着钾营养处理水平的提高,抗病品种的PAL活性、PPO活性都呈上升趋势,而钾营养处理的POD活性则低于对照|感病品种的PAL活性、PPO活性、POD活性都呈先上升后下降趋势,酶活性在中K处理时达到最高。     

砂仁真菌病害的鉴定

砂仁(Amomum villosum Lour.)为著名南药,生产上有多种病害,以叶斑病为害严重而影响产量。作者1985年、1986年,在砂仁的重要产地阳春、封开等县进行了调查,认为目前主要有五种真菌病害:其中炭疽病两种:幼苗炭疽病为姜刺盘孢(Colletotrichum zingiberis(Sundar.)Butler et Bisby),成株炭疽病为盘长孢状刺盘抱(Colletotrichumgloeosporioides Penz.);果腐病两种,多数为茄丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.),少数为镰刀菌(Fusaium sp.)引起;最影响生产的是叶斑病,其病原菌砂仁节梨孢(Gona-topyricularia amomi Z.D.Jiang et P.K.Chi)是个新属新种。本文较详细地描述了五大病害的症状及其病原菌的形态,并报道了各病菌的致病性测定结果。     

用RAPD标记研究中国木本植物胶孢炭疽菌的群体分化

收集并鉴定了43个胶孢炭疽菌菌株，用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)研究了胶胞炭疽菌种内的遗传分化。结果表明供试的43个菌株间遗传相似度变化较大。RAPD分子标记将43个胶胞炭疽菌菌株分为2个类群，其种内遗传分化与寄主没有相关性。因此认为根据寄主种类划分林木胶孢炭疽菌种内专化型不合适，用分子生物学方法更准确。     

葡萄炭疽病菌T-DNA插入突变体的表型及致病性变异分析

胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)引起的葡萄炭疽病是葡萄生产中的一种重要病害。本研究对从2100个T-DNA插入突变体库中挑选的11株PDA培养特征变异较大的突变体进行表型和致病性分析,旨在为葡萄炭疽病菌产孢与致病基因网络调控研究奠定基础。结果表明：突变体M112、M247、M1288、M1325、M1386和M1430不能产生分生孢子,其余的5株突变体产孢量降低;突变体M247、M1288和M1325丧失了致病性;突变体M112、C1094、M1386和M2013突变体致病力增强。此外,突变体C1094孢子萌发率明显降低,其余4株产孢突变体的孢子萌发率与野生型菌株WS15无明显差异。     

万年青炭疽病病原菌分离与鉴定

万年青炭疽病是万年青的重要病害之一,其病原菌的分类说法不一,本文按照柯赫氏法则的要求进行了分离培养和鉴定,鉴定结果为丛刺胶盘孢属Vermicularia的万年青炭疽刺盘孢菌Vermicularia （Colletotrichum） montemartinii Togn.Var.rhodeae Trav.。文中对病害的症状、病原菌分离培养及形态特征等作了描述。     

Anthracnose of three-leaf akebia (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Akebia trifoliata</Emphasis> Koidzumi) caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Colletotrichum acutatum</Emphasis>

In October 2001, anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds ex Simmonds was found on three-leaf akebia (Akebia trifoliata) in Saitama, Japan. This is the first report of anthracnose on three-leaf akebia caused by C. acutatum.     

Anthracnose of centipede grass caused by Colletotrichum caudatum

Anthracnose disease was found on centipede grass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.] planted as a ground cover on paddy field levees in Shiga Prefecture in 2004. The symptoms were ear blight, stalk blight, and leaf spots. The causal fungus was morphologically identified as Colletotrichum caudatum (Sacc.) Peck. This is the first report of centipede grass anthracnose caused by C. caudatum.     

粤北地区杉木真菌性病害种类

对粤北地区 ( 小坑林场、龙山林场、大坑山林场 ) 杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolate）真菌性病害进行全面调查,共采集 86 份标本,分离病组织获得菌株 162 份,主要归属于炭疽菌属（Colletotrichum）、拟盘多毛孢属（Pestalotiopsis）、腐皮壳属（Diaporthe）、镰刀菌属（Fusarium）、黑孢菌属（Nigrospora）、拟茎点霉属（Phomopsis）、叶点霉属（Phyllosticta）以及散斑壳属（Lophodermium）等。根据病害症状粤北地区主要杉木病害包括：杉木立枯病、杉木炭疽病、杉木溃疡病、杉木顶枯病、杉木梢枯病、杉木赤枯病、杉木球果坏死。各林场杉木林中,杉木炭疽病普遍发生、分布广;种子园中杉木球果病害危害严重,直接影响球果的产量和质量;在大坑山林场 4-5 年生的林分中,杉木顶枯病大面积发生,但在其它地区少有发生;此外,杉木溃疡病、杉木赤枯病和杉木立枯病在个别无性系或者苗圃中零星发生,但危害较轻。