柑橘类果实汁胞的红色现象及其呈色色素

柑橘类果实中不乏汁胞为红色类型者,如红肉葡萄柚(Citrus paradisii Macf.)的粉红色是番茄红素所致,血橙(C.sinensis L.)的血红色来源于花青素,此外,还有红色的红江橙(C.sinensis L.)、橙红色的元红(C.reticulata Blan-co)和紫红色的五布红心柚(C.grandis L.)等,它们因色泽鲜艳而具备特殊的市场潜力,但呈色色素尚未见报道。在符合审美观的同时,红色汁胞品种还具有特殊的营养价值,如类黄酮、类胡萝卜素等色素富集可软化血管、抗癌、抗氧化及消除体内自由基等。综合有关文献,首次将国内外主要红色汁胞柑橘品种依宽皮柑橘、甜橙、柚、葡萄柚及杂柑等分类进行综述,分析可能的呈色色素,阐明导致红色性状产生的两类色素—花青素、类胡萝卜素生物合成途径     

Effects of artificial light sources on accumulation of phytochemical contents in hydroponic lettuce

Lettuce is grown in different parts of the world and it is beneficial for health. Light condition is one of the most important environmental factor in regulating growth, development, and phytochemical accumulation in lettuce, particularly when lettuce is produced in a hydroponic system. Due to advances in technologies, artificial light sources have become increasingly capable of providing appropriate quality, intensity, and photoperiod of light in hydroponic lettuce production. This review highlights the progress of current research on the effects of artificial light regulation on growth and phytochemical accumulation in lettuce produced in hydroponic systems.     

Correlation between chromaticity values and major anthocyanins in seven Acer palmatum Thunb. cultivars

The correlation between the anthocyanin concentrations of seven Acer palmatum Thunb. cultivars and the chromaticity values a*, b*, a*/b* ratio, h° and L* was investigated. According to the position of leaves on the branch terminal, middle and base sample leaves were analyzed and the positional effect on the level of the major anthocyanin was estimated. Leaf color was measured with a portable colorimeter and individual anthocyanins were detected with the use of HPLC–MS. Cyanidin-3-glucoside was present in all senescing leaves of Acer cultivars and its content decreased from terminal to base position. Cyanidin-3-rutinoside was identified in lower concentrations in the leaves of all cultivars. Multiple variable analysis was calculated for each of the tristimulus values and two major anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside) in senescing leaves of ornamental Acer cultivars. Correlations were detected between the major anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside) in analyzed Acer cultivars and all chromaticity parameters. The highest correlation coefficient (0.94) was observed between cyanidin-3-glucoside and a*/b* ratio in cultivar ‘Bloodgood’ and lowest (0.54) between cyanidin-3-glucoside and a* in Acer palmatum Thunb. The correlation between cyanidin-3-rutinoside and chromaticity parameters was not detected in all Acer cultivars, additionally correlation coefficients and statistical significance were much lower. The expression of red color in both senescing leaves and in all-year-red cultivars can be tightly linked with the content level of cyanidin-3-glucoside; the second major anthocyanin does not contribute much to the red leaf color.     

蓝莓花青素的研究进展

花青素作为一种天然食用色素,与合成色素相比,具有安全性高,资源丰富,且具有一定的营养和药理作用等优点,已在食品、医药、化妆品等领域得到了广泛的应用.近年来,由于蓝莓富含花青素,逐渐成为国内外研究的热点.本文综述了蓝莓的概况、蓝莓花青素的基本结构及种类、提取纯化技术、稳定性及其生理功能的最新研究进展,以期为蓝莓产业化发展中的技术问题提供一定的参考.     

多叶羽扇豆花色与花青苷分析

以10个不同花色多叶羽扇豆品种为材料,对其花朵翼瓣和旗瓣的颜色、花青苷组成及质量分数进行测定。结果表明,10个不同花色多叶羽扇豆中共检测出9种花青苷,白色的Gallery white和黄色的Galleryyellow 2个品种未检测到花青苷。对红色、蓝色和紫色多叶羽扇豆花瓣的花青苷提取液进行多级质谱分析发现,花青素苷元类型主要是矢车菊素、天竺葵素和飞燕草素,其糖苷类型主要是葡萄糖或酰基化葡萄糖的糖苷。     

Influence of the stage of ripeness on phenolic metabolism and antioxidant activity in table grapes exposed to different CO2 treatments

We have analyzed the influence of the stage of ripeness on L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene expression, accumulation of anthocyanins and total phenolics, and on antioxidant activity in the skin of table grapes treated with 20% CO₂ + 20% O₂ + 60 % N₂ for 3 or 6 d at low temperature (0 °C). The residual effect of high CO₂ treatment after transfer to air was also studied. In early harvested grapes, neither the anthocyanin content nor the accumulation of VcPAL mRNA was affected by any of the CO₂ treatments applied. However, in late harvested grapes, the duration of high CO₂ treatment determined its effect and a 6 d treatment with CO₂ sustained higher levels of total phenolics and anthocyanin accumulation, and VcPAL expression than observed in untreated late harvested grapes. The increased antioxidant capacity was correlated with the total amount of phenolics and anthocyanins. Conversely, in grapes treated for 3 d with CO₂ the phenylpropanoid pathway did not appear to be induced and a relationship between antioxidant activity and anthocyanins was not observed. Thus, further studies are needed to identify the most important antioxidants in these treated fruit.     

超声波辅助提取蓝莓果渣中花色苷的工艺研究

目的:确定超声波辅助提取蓝莓果渣中花色苷的最佳工艺。方法:采用正交试验确定超声波辅助提取蓝莓花色苷的最佳工艺条件。结果:超声波辅助提取蓝莓果渣中花色苷的最佳工艺条件为提取剂为酸性乙醇,固液比1∶60(g/mL),超声波功率350W,萃取时间40min,提取温度75℃。在此条件下,确定的蓝莓果渣花色苷含量3.122mg/g。结论:超声波辅助提取技术对充分利用蓝莓资源获取高附加值的花色苷是可行的。     

马铃薯野生种CHS基因cDNA的克隆与表达分析

设计简并引物,用RT-PCR法从马铃薯野生种(Solanum pinnatisectum)克隆到了CHS(Chalcone synthase,查尔酮合酶)基因的全长cDNA,并用半定量RT-PCR法进行了表达分析.序列分析表明,CHS基因编码一个389个氨基酸残基的多肽,在氨基酸水平上与其他茄科植物的同源性达到89%～93%,多重比较和系统发育分析均表明该基因为CHS家族中的一个新成员;检测了CHS基因的空间表达模式,该基因在花和匍匐茎中表达量最高,在根和块茎中没有检测到,这与花和匍匐茎呈淡紫色有花色苷合成,而根和块茎呈白色无花色苷合成是相一致的;发现在块茎中CHS受光诱导表达,光照后的第3天表达量最高,而在光照前检测不到,光照前块茎为白色,随着光照时间的延长,其表层颜色因积累花色苷而变成紫红色.     

红豆越橘花色苷的分离及功能性研究

采用活性跟踪的方法分离纯化野生红豆越橘提取物,并将有效组分进行抗癌细胞增殖活性测定。首先采用大孔吸附树脂X-5富集分离红豆越橘丙酮提取物,多酚含量和ABTS抗氧化做指标确定乙醇梯度洗脱有效组分,并命名为LB-1、LB-2、LB-3、LB-4,其总洗脱物命名为LB-MIX。用MTT法检测以上5个组分抗结肠癌HT29、卵巢癌Hela、肺癌A549和肝癌HepG-2细胞增殖活性,并选用环磷酰胺做阳性对照。结果显示,LB-MIX具有较好的抑制几株癌细胞的增殖活性。     

油菜素内酯和脱落酸调控葡萄果实花色苷合成的研究

【目的】为研究2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide,EBR)和脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)处理对葡萄花色苷合成与可溶性固形物含量、果皮苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和类黄酮糖基转移酶(UFGT)活性以及果实内源ABA含量的影响,探索油菜素内酯调控葡萄果实成熟及花色苷合成的机理。【方法】以酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’(Cabernet Sauvignon)和‘烟73’(Yan 73)为试材,在葡萄转色前分别用0.1、0.4、0.8 mg.L-1EBR,1mg.L-1Brz(brassinazole,BR生物合成抑制剂)和200 mg.L-1ABA,均匀喷施于葡萄果实,在葡萄成熟过程中测定葡萄果皮花色苷含量及PAL和UFGT酶活性,同时测定果实ABA和可溶性固形物含量。【结果】在果实着色初期,‘赤霞珠’和‘烟73’葡萄果皮PAL和UFGT活性及果实内源ABA含量均逐渐升高,当果实接近成熟花色苷含量基本稳定时ABA含量开始降低。与对照相比,0.4mg.L-1EBR和200 mg.L-1ABA处理显著增加了果实内源ABA含量,提高了果皮PAL和UFGT活性,促进了果皮花色苷的合成和果实可溶性固形物的积累。0.1 mg.L-1和0.8 mg.L-1EBR处理总体增加了果实内源ABA含量,促进了花色苷的合成和可溶性固形物的积累,并提高了UFGT和PAL酶活性,但比0.4 mg.L-1EBR处理提高的幅度小,且差异显著。1 mg.L-1Brz处理使果实ABA的合成推迟,果实可溶性固形物含量、果皮PAL和UFGT活性以及花色苷含量均低于对照,但差异不显著。【结论】外源EBR和ABA处理促进了葡萄成熟和花色苷合成,在不同浓度EBR处理中,以0.4 mg.L-1处理效果较好;内源ABA可能参与了EBR对葡萄成熟和花色苷合成的调控。