采后ASM诱导处理对鸭梨果实黑霉病的控制

 Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) 是重要的植物抗病基因诱导剂。鸭梨果实经过负压渗透ASM诱导处理后接种黑霉病(Alternaria alternata) 。结果表明, 0.5 mmol·L ^{- 1} ASM能有效抑制鸭梨果实损伤接种病害和自然侵染病害的发生。ASM处理果实具有较高的苯丙氨酸解氨酶( PAL) 和几丁质酶(CHT) 活性, 积累了较高水平的H₂O₂ 和酚类物质。离体试验表明, ASM不对病原菌生长产生抑制作用。ASM处理对果实病害的抑制作用可能与其增强了果实抗性系统有关。     

Ultrastructural Localization of Hydrogen Peroxide in Host Leaves Treated with AK-toxin I Produced by Alternaria alternata Japanese Pear Pathotype

The rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), called the oxidative burst, is one of the earliest host responses to pathogen infection or elicitor treatments. Therefore, we looked for the induction of ROS generation in Japanese pear leaves by the host-specific toxin, AK-toxin I using a cytochemical method for detecting H₂O₂. A small amount of non-specific generation of H₂O₂ was found in the cell walls in toxin- and water-treated susceptible and resistant leaves. Thus, the generation of H₂O₂ at cell walls appears to be caused by wounding stress during sampling. Specific generation of ROS, however, was found only in the membrane fragments and extended desmotubules characteristic of modified sites of the plasma membrane in the toxin-treated susceptible leaves. In addition, generation of H₂O₂ at plasma membranes was observed with higher frequency in toxin-treated susceptible leaves. This result indicates that the H₂O₂ generation was associated with damaged sites in the plasmalemma after toxin treatment and perhaps with the formation of membrane fragments from altered portions of the invaginated plasma membrane. Received 21 September 2001/ Accepted in revised form 25 October 2001     

Microscopic detection of reactive oxygen species generation in the compatible and incompatible interactions of Alternaria alternata Japanese pear pathotype and host plants

 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was examined in the interaction of Alternaria alternata Japanese pear pathotype and host plants using three methods: nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) method for microscopic detection of O₂ ⁻, diaminobenzidine (DAB) methods for microscopic detection of H₂O₂, and cerium chloride methods for ultrastructural detection of H₂O₂. ROS generation was detected by NBT and DAB methods at appressoria on leaves of susceptible cultivars and heat-shocked leaves of resistant cultivars but not in leaves of resistant cultivars. Ultrastructural detection by the cerium chloride method identified ROS generation at cell walls of appressoria and penetration pegs in susceptible, resistant leaves and heat-shocked leaves. These differences in the ultrastructural and microscopic data in resistant areas were due to the restriction of ROS generation in limited areas, the side facing the plant surface, of appressoria and penetration pegs. Therefore, ROS generation was apparently induced regardless of the resistance or susceptibility of the cultivar with the difference being in the volumes generated. After evaluating the pathological role of ROS generation in fungal structures, such generation was found to be associated with early penetration of cell walls in pear plants. Additionally, ROS generation in plants was also found in degrading pectin layers near infected hyphae and in plasma membrane modification sites in susceptible leaves but not in resistant leaves. ROS generation in susceptible leaves might be accompanied with plasma membrane damage, although the role of ROS generation in the pectin layers is not clear. ROS generation in both fungal and plant cells during their interaction was likely associated with the expression of susceptibility. Received: June 3, 2002 / Accepted: July 31, 2002     

肉牛源细极链格孢菌的分离鉴定

为鉴定肉牛皮肤病病原及其致病性并筛选其敏感药物,本研究取患皮肤病肉牛病变部位皮屑、毛发和痂皮进行病原菌的分离,并对分离菌株进行了形态学鉴定、ITS序列分析、小鼠致病性试验和药敏试验。结果显示分离到1株形态特征与细极链格孢菌极其相似的菌株(PY2-1-2);经PCR扩增、测序和BLAST序列比对,结果显示分离株(PY2-1-2)的ITS基因序列与细极链格孢菌(MG975630.1)的ITS基因序列的相似性为99%,分离株PY2-1-2的ITS基因序列长度为543 bp,该片段包括ITS1、5.8S rDNA和ITS2的全部基因序列以及18S rDNA和28S rDNA的部分基因序列,提交GenBank(MH656780.1)。根据形态学结合ITS基因序列分析结果确定该分离株为细极链格孢菌。小鼠致病性试验结果显示该菌对小鼠有致病性。药敏试验结果显示:该菌对灰黄霉素、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、酮康唑的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值分别为0.5μg/mL、4μg/mL、1μg/mL、1μg/mL。本研究为今后进一步探究细极链格孢菌引起的皮肤病诊治提供科学有效的参考。     

The culturable leaf mycobiome of Viscum album subsp. austriacum

In Poland's pine forests, mistletoe (Viscum album subsp. austriacum) abundance has increased over the past 20 years. This mistletoe infestation has decreased the growth and vigour of Scots pine trees. In this study, we surveyed the culturable fungi from healthy and diseased V. album subsp. austriacum leaves from two stands in Poland. In total, 63 distinct species were identified, 99.8% of which belonged to the phylum Ascomycota. The community compositions of fungi in mistletoe leaves were similar in healthy and diseased leaves as Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans, Botryosphaeria visci, Fusarium paeoniae and Microsphaeropsis olivacea were consistently found in leaves of all symptom types. The most frequently isolated fungus from asymptomatic leaves was M. olivacea, followed by A. alternata, A. pullulans and Hypoxylon rubiginosum. In comparison, the most frequently isolated fungi from leaves with rusty-brown necrotic spots were (in decreasing order) M. olivacea, B. visci, F. paeoniae and A. alternata, while the most frequently isolated fungi from leaves with black or dark brown spots were M. olivacea, A. alternata, A. pullulans, Epicoccum layuense and F. paeoniae. This study was the first comprehensive report showing that certain fungal species may be pathogens of V. album subsp. austriacum in Poland. This study was also the first report of F. paeoniae, F. juglandicola, Diaporthe vacuae and Heterotruncatella spartii from V. album, and the first report of D. vacuae and H. spartii in Poland.     

Alleviation of alternate bearing phenomenon in mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees using boron and nitrogen fertilization

Abstract

This investigation was conducted during two successive seasons (2014/2015) and (2015/2016) using 15?years old productive mango (Mangifera indica) trees cv. Zebda. The trees were grown at AlMalak Valley Farm, El-Sharkeya Governorate- Egypt (30–51° North; 32–53° East). Trees were planted 8?×?8 meter within and between rows in sandy soil under drip irrigation system using the Nile water. The objective of this study is to alleviate alternate bearing in cv. Zebda using mineral nutrients (nitrogen in the on year and boron in the off year). Treatments included three concentrations of nitrogen (1000, 1250, 1500?g/tree/year) and three concentrations of boron (0.0, 250, 500?mg L^?1). Nitrogen was applied to the soil as ammonium sulfate and boron was applied as foliar spray of boric acid. The extra amount of nitrogen fertilizer (250 and 500?g N/tree) was applied at three installments in (May, June and July). Treatment was arranged in a factorial Completely Randomized Block Design with three replicates for each treatment. Results show that the on-year nitrogen fertilization significantly increased mango tree vegetative growth (number of shoot/branch, shoot length, shoot thickness, number of leaves/meter and leaf area) and yield. The average yield in the on year is 85.5?kg/tree at 1250?g N/tree but 67.4?Kilogram/tree at 1000?g N/tree (the control treatment). While in the off year boron foliar application resulted in a significant increase in flowering, initial fruit set, final fruit set and fruit yield. The average yield in the off year is 47?kg/tree at 250?mg L^?1 boron but 9?kg/tree at 0.0?mg L^?1 boron rate (the control treatment).The interaction treatment of 250?mg L^?1 boron + 1500?g nitrogen/tree is the best treatment as it resulted in the highest values for all the tested parameters. The average yield of this treatment is 53.5?kg/tree. This treatment helps alleviate alternate bearing phenomenon by 41% and obtain the highest economic yield in the off-year, i.e. increased yield by 5.9 fold.     

干湿交替灌溉和施氮量对水稻内源激素及氮素利用的影响

为探讨干湿交替灌溉与施氮水平对水稻根系内源激素水平及氮肥利用的影响,以连粳7号为材料,采用防雨棚土培试验,研究3个灌溉方式:浅水层灌溉、轻度干湿交替灌溉、重度干湿交替灌溉与3个氮肥水平(0、240和360 kg/hm2)对水稻根系内源激素(玉米素及玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)、生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA))、叶片氮代谢酶活性(硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT))、植株氮素累积量及氮肥利用效率的影响及其耦合效应。研究结果表明:在相同施氮水平下,轻度干湿交替灌溉促进根系Z+ZR、IAA合成,提高叶片中NR、GS及GOGAT活性,氮肥吸收利用率显著提高(P0.05);重度干湿交替灌溉则抑制根系Z+ZR、IAA合成,降低叶片NR、GS及GOGAT活性,植株氮素累积量及氮肥利用效率显著降低(P0.05),而根系ABA含量则明显增加(P0.05);在相同灌溉方式下,根系Z+ZR、IAA含量、叶片氮代谢酶活性及氮肥累积量在保持水层及轻度干湿交替下随着施氮量的增加而增加,而在重度干湿交替灌溉下则随着施氮量的增加先增加后降低,中氮处理明显提高氮肥利用效率(P0.05)。相关分析表明:根系合成的Z+ZR、IAA及叶片中氮代谢酶活性与氮肥吸收利用率呈显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)的正相关关系,而脱落酸含量则与氮肥吸收利用率呈极显著的负相关关系(P0.01)。根系合成的Z+ZR、IAA及叶片中氮代谢酶供氮效应为正效应,抽穗后,轻度干湿交替灌溉供水效应及耦合效应为正效应,而重度干湿交替灌溉则为负效应。该研究对探索水氮耦合机理,为水稻高产高效栽培实践提供理论及科学依据。     

白三叶草一种叶斑病病原菌的分离鉴定

明确在山东省聊城市白三叶草上发现的一种叶斑病的病原菌,以期为该病害的防控提供参考.2019年采集山东省聊城市东昌府区具有叶斑病的白三叶叶片,利用组织分离法分离病原菌,并依据柯赫式法则验证致病性.在形态学观察的基础上,对病原菌进行分子生物学鉴定,构建系统发育树,分析其遗传多样性.从发病叶片中分离得到病原菌(标记为SY1)...     

井渠轮灌下秸秆还田对土壤含盐量与玉米产量的影响

为探究井渠轮灌下不同秸秆还田的耕作模式对土壤含盐量及玉米产量的影响,设置“渠井渠”灌溉模式下无秸秆还田的常规耕作（CK）、秸秆表覆旋耕（BF）、秸秆深埋深翻（SM）和秸秆混拌旋耕（HB）4种处理,于2018年和2019年在河套灌区开展了井水与渠水轮灌下不同秸秆还田方式的田间试验。结果表明,井渠轮灌下各处理收获后1m土体均积盐,秸秆还田处理均显著降低土壤积盐率（P<0.05）,BF、SM和HB处理积盐率较CK处理分别下降8.7、12.4、6.9个百分点,SM处理积盐率最小,仅为3.2%,且在20~40cm土层形成脱盐区;收获后CK处理不同土层饱和浸提液的钠吸附比（SAR）较初始值提高10.2%~53.3%,土壤钠质化风险很大;秸秆还田处理有效降低了SAR,SM处理收获后不同土层的SAR最小,较初始值下降了0.4%~73.0%,可有效缓解土壤钠质化。通径分析表明,玉米产量主要决策因子是穗长,限制因子是秃尖长。BF、SM和HB处理分别较CK增产11.2%、19.8%、11.6%,水分利用效率提高18.4%、36.1%、21.2%,SM处理综合效果较好。该研究可为河套灌区地下微咸水安全利用和秸秆资源化利用提供理论依据。     

Evaluation of tangerine hybrid resistance to Alternaria alternata

The Alternaria Brown Spot, caused by Alternaria alternata, is a major fungal disease in some kinds of tangerines, tangor, mandarins and pomelos. In Brazil as well as worldwide, A. alternata can cause necrosis in fruits, branches and leaves, causing substantial profit loss. In the present research, in laboratory conditions and in the field, we evaluated the resistance to the fungus, in leaves and fruits, for 22 varieties and hybrids of tangerines. To this end, we evaluated genotypes belonging to the Germplasm Bank of the Estação Experimental de Citricultura de Bebedouro. The resistant genetic materials (found in leaves and fruits) represented four varieties of clementines (Citrus clementina); six varieties of mandarins (two belonging to C. reticulata, two to C. tangerina, one to C. deliciosa and one to C. nobilis); one tangelo (C. tangerina × C. paradisi); two mandarin hybrids (one resulting from crossing C. nobilis × C. deliciosa and the other from crossing C. clementina × C. reticulata); one tangor hybrid (C. clementina) and two satsuma hybrids (C. unshiu × C. deliciosa). We also determined a relation between the inoculation of leaves and fruits. The resistance and susceptibility following inoculation in leaves and fruits supports a relationship between these organs and the physiological responses observed for the evaluated genotypes.