The effect of urban refuse compost and different tractors tyres on soil physical properties, soil erosion and maize yield

Application of urban refuse compost to agricultural soil could help to solve municipalities' problems related to the increasing production of waste only if soil property improvement and environmental conservation can be demonstrated. The use of low-pressure tractor tyres is another proposal in modern agriculture for reducing soil compaction. This study thus aimed to detect the effects of both compost and low-pressure tractor tyres on soil loss, runoff, aggregate stability, bulk density, penetrometer resistance and maize (Zea mays L.) yield. A 3-year field experiment was carried out on a hilly (15% slope) clay loam soil in central Italy. Twelve plots (200 m² each) were monitored with tipping-pot devices for runoff and soil erosion measurement. Treatments were: compost addition (64 Mg ha⁻¹), mineral fertilisation, use of low-pressure tyres, use of traditional tyres, with three replicates, in a fully randomised block design. Compost was applied once at the beginning of the experiment. Runoff reduction due to compost ranged between 7 and 399 m³ ha⁻¹ during seasons, while soil erosion was reduced between 0.2 and 2.4 Mg ha⁻¹. Mean weight diameter (MWD) of stable aggregates, measured on wheel tracks, increased by 2.19 mm, then progressively decreased. Compost significantly increased bulk density by 0.08 Mg m⁻³ due to its inert fraction content. This effect was less evident in the second and third year, probably due to harrowing. Maize yields were slightly, but significantly, reduced in composted plots by 1.72 Mg ha⁻¹ in the third year. Low-pressure tyres significantly reduced soil loss in the third year by 1 Mg ha⁻¹. Furthermore, they did not significantly influence runoff volumes and soil structural stability. Low-pressure tyres or compost addition were singly able to prevent an increase in penetrometer resistance due to agricultural machinery traffic. Low-pressure tyres increased the maize yield during the 3 years and the difference (0.4 Mg ha⁻¹) became significant in the third year. In conclusion, results show the positive lasting effect of compost in ameliorating soil physical properties and reducing runoff and soil erosion. Low-pressure tyres appear justifiable both for the observed increase of grain production and reduction of soil compaction. This latter effect is, nevertheless, masked by compost addition which is also able to reduce penetrometer resistance. Further research is required to explain the causes of the slight inhibition of grain yield observed when compost was compared with mineral fertilisation.     

农村生活垃圾处理方式调查

对我国农村生活垃圾处理方式进行了初步调查。主要方式有卫生填埋;焚烧;堆肥;太阳能垃圾减量化;高温高压湿解法;垃圾衍生燃料;气化熔融处理技术;沼气池的利用技术。     

地参多糖对D-半乳糖所致衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用研究

[目的]研究地参多糖(LLP)对D-半乳糖所致衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用。[方法]取昆明种小白鼠50只,随机分为5组。除正常对照组外,其余各组每天于颈背皮下注射D-半乳糖80 mg/kg,连续42 d,造成亚急性衰老模型。在注射D-半乳糖的同时,试验组每天分别灌胃给予地参多糖(LLP)300、200和100 mg/kg,正常对照组及模型对照组给予等量生理盐水。末次给药12 h后,分离血清及肝组织,分别测定各组小鼠衰老相关生化指标。[结果]LLP能拮抗D-半乳糖所致的小鼠衰老,使小鼠血清及肝组织SOD和GSH-Px活性明显回升,MDA的水平下降。[结论]LLP具有一定的抗氧化和抗衰老作用。     

农村老年人社会适应状况调查分析

主要采用问卷调查法,对589位农村老年人进行社会适应性方面的调查分析。结果表明,在农村老年人中,对适应现代老年生活感到困难的老年人占相当大的比例;年龄并不是导致老年人社会适应困难的直接因素,相较而言,身体状况、心理态度等因素对老年人社会适应的影响更大;农村老年人适应社会的主动性不够,在遇到困难时,绝大多数等待外在的支持和帮助而非自身调适。     

Effect of mycorrhizal inoculation and soil restoration on the growth of Pinus halepensis seedlings in a semiarid soil

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the growth of mycorrhizal Pinus halepensis seedlings planted in a semiarid soil amended with urban refuse in southeast Spain. Three fungal species were used: Pisolithus tinctorius, Rhizopogon roseolus, and Suillus collinitus. After 8 months, inoculated seedlings grown under controlled conditions did not differ significantly from controls with regard to plant height and nutrient assimilation. Other features such as root development and stem dry weight showed that the plants grew better in the absence of mycorrhizal inoculation. The mycorrhizal seedlings and the controls were planted in three experimental plots treated with urban refuse (0, 6, and 12 Kg m^-2). After 1 year of growth under field conditions the results showed that the type of fungus inoculated significantly influenced P. halepensis development. This effect varied with the dose of urban refuse. Plant growth was encouraged by the application of refuse but only at the lowest dose. Under these conditions P. tinctorius was the most effective fungus and R. roseolus yielded poorer plant development. The highest application of urban refuse led to notably worse results and a significant decrease in seedling growth compared to controls. In the control plot (without refuse) S. collinitus was the most effective fungus in plant growth improvement. The smallest application of urban refuse had a positive effect on the assimilation of N, P, and K in seedlings inoculated with P. tinctorius and S. collinitus.     

脱氮型生物反应器填埋场中生活垃圾的稳定化研究

    研究了填埋垃圾上层间歇曝气充氧或渗滤液回流前经好氧、硝化反应器处理的生物反应器填埋场系统中渗滤液的脱氮效果及其填埋垃圾的稳定化过程.结果表明,填埋垃圾上层间歇曝气充氧的生物反应器填埋场系统渗滤液NH4+-N浓度的衰减速度虽然比渗滤液回流前经好氧、硝化反应器处理的生物反应器填埋场系统慢,但其理论能耗可比后者节省98%左右,并且无需好氧、硝化反应器的基建投资和污泥处理.此外,填埋垃圾上层间歇曝气充氧的方式加快了填埋垃圾和渗滤液中有机物的降解,提高了填埋垃圾的稳定化效果,增加了10%～12%的沉降高度.而渗滤液经过好氧反应器处理后回流到填埋场,将会引起填埋垃圾降解后期碳源供应不足,减慢垃圾的稳定化过程.填埋垃圾上层间歇曝气充氧的生物反应器填埋场系统由于其中的反硝化作用有机物的消耗及好氧微生物的代谢活动,其渗滤液CODCr和VFA最大浓度仅为对照的50%,并且产甲烷反应器的产气量也减少了42%～44%.     

福建省城市垃圾及其渗滤液的重金属污染

对福建福州、南平、泉州、厦门、漳州、龙岩、三明7个主要城市垃圾的处理方式、污染状况、渗滤液及其对土壤的污染状况进行了系统调查,测定、分析了垃圾渗滤液及其浸蚀土壤中的Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn、Mn、Ni含量.结果表明:目前福建城市垃圾、垃圾渗滤液及其浸蚀土壤存在较严重的重金属污染;与国家污水综合排放标准相比,垃圾渗滤液中Mn、Ni和Cd超标;与国家地面水环境质量标准Ⅴ类标准相比,除了Zn,其余5种重金属(Cd、Cr、Pb、Mn、Ni)均超标;与土壤环境质量标准(2级)相比,垃圾渗滤液浸蚀土壤重金属(Zn、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd)超标.     

采煤废弃物对作物生长的影响

通过室内栽培试验,研究了煤矸石和粉煤灰作为培养基对作物生长的影响。结果表明:(1)粉煤灰物理性质不适于作物生长,对作物长势影响最大,在粉煤灰排放场不覆土直接种植作物不可取;(2)煤矸石和粉煤灰会对作物产生重金属污染,尤其是细颗粒煤矸石的污染最大;(3)充填采煤废弃物复垦应该保证足够的覆土厚度。