城市园林绿化现存问题、对策及其绿化植物配置原则

随着国民经济的不断发展，城市园林绿化已成为现代建设的重要内容。在归结上前城市园林绿化所存共性问题的基础上，针对城市园林绿化普遍存在的4方面问题，提出5点对策。     

The re-emergence of indigenous forest in an urban environment, Christchurch, New Zealand

Christchurch, the second largest city in New Zealand is a planned city on a coastal plain on the east coast of the South Island. The birth of the city and the subsequent century of development was characterised by colonial values and tree and garden planting with familiar European species along with those from Australia, North America, and eventually all other continents. The image of an “English garden city” with classical parks of oaks and willow-lined rivers became the accepted norm and the way in which the city has been promoted to potential tourists. Gardening is one of the top two recreational activities and exotic species greatly outnumber native species in the flora and in gardens. This has had serious consequences for the highly fragmented and degraded indigenous vegetation and its co-adapted wildlife. A few hardy indigenous species continued to regenerate through this period, but since the 1970s, there has been a progressive change of attitude and interest in reclaiming the natural heritage of the city, manifest in widespread private and public planting of indigenous species and active habitat restoration. In this article we examine the indigenous and exotic shrub and tree components of the Christchurch flora as planted street trees, in domestic gardens, and in parks. We also present data on shrub and tree regeneration in parks and domestic gardens in the city. Indications are that the more sensitive, less intrusive management of urban environments, combined with the greater density of indigenous seed sources, has allowed regeneration of a wide range of indigenous species across a broad spectrum of habitats – from neglected gardens to pavement cracks to exotic plantations. This is despite the competition from the prodigious seed banks and density of exotic trees, shrubs, and ground covers and albeit minimal impacts of introduced browsing and seed eating mammals. If the present trends continue through appropriate management and facilitation, these tentative signs of native forest regeneration should eventually proliferate into a sustainable mixed origin urban forest that resurrects and preserves the natural character of the region.     

武汉市居民城市森林游憩需求特征调查

对729位武汉市居民进行问卷调查,结果表明城市居民的森林游憩需求十分旺盛,在不同距离、不同类型的旅游地中更倾向于到城郊尤其是城区边缘区生态环境好的森林集中分布区域进行森林游憩活动;居民希望城市森林进行适度游憩开发,提供良好的旅游服务设施和体现森林生态特色的活动项目.     

城市夜间形象初探

从城市规划和建筑学的角度研究城市夜间形象;结合形态美学、行为心理学、环境心理学等学科进行研究,将安全感、视觉舒适性、视觉趣味、活动激发性以及可识别性作为夜间形象评价指标并分别进行具体地分析。     

昆明市区几种立交桥绿化模式的景观效益评价

在对昆明市区16座立交桥进行普查的基础上,归纳总结出该市区立交桥绿化中主要的3种绿化模式,即乔 灌 草型;灌 草型及单纯地被型。运用唐东芹等人提出的园林植物景观评价AHP(层次分析法)模型与方法,对此3种绿化模式的景观效益进行综合评价,结果表明,乔 灌 草型、灌 草型绿化模式的景观效益价值远大于单纯地被型,而乔 灌 草型的景观效益略大于灌 草型,前2类绿化模式的观赏价值也较高。     

Path analysis of spatial predictors of front-yard landscape in an anthropogenic environment

Contagious spatial patterns were shown to exist in the landscape of front-yards in street sections of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, Montréal. Neighbour mimicry was hypothesized as the mechanism behind this pattern (Zmyslony and Gagnon 1998). To assess the role of spatial environmental factors in structuring this pattern, we carried out a path analysis on the front-yard landscape with five spatial factors: relative distance, street side, width, depth and type of front-yard. We removed all non-significant factors from our model with simple Mantel tests and untangled the common spatial component from the relationship between spatial factors and front-yard landscape with partial Mantel tests. We then used path analysis to evaluate the relative importance of all significant spatial factors in structuring front-yard landscape and to determine the r ² (% of landscape variation explained by spatial factors). Results showed that (1) among all spatial environmental factors, distance (proximity) remained the best predictor of front-yard vegetation – distance alone explained an average of 20% of the landscape variation of a street section, (2) depth, width and type of front-yard also structured the front-yard landscape independently of distance, (3) front-yard landscape expresses greater similarity within the same side of a street section, and (4) in two street sections of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, spatial factors predicted over 40% of the landscape variation. This suggests (1) that landscape contagion exists also in highly humanized environments and (2) that the mimicry phenomenon was induced not only by proximity, but also by similar environmental conditions in same side street sections and whole street sections. Finally, we suggest that street sections are a very useful and appropriate unit of analysis of urban ecosystems.     

基于空间采样的城市景观格局梯度分析——以成都市中心城区为例

通过空间网格采样的格局指数在景观水平上定量并图示化分析了成都市绕城高速以内区域的城市景观格局特征和城乡景观格局差异。结果表明,成都市的圈层式发展特点能够通过空间采样的格局指数进行量化,并且不同的指数从不同的方面表现了成都市景观格局在城乡梯度上的差异。除表现景观形状特征的指数不太规则外,在城乡梯度上平均斑块面积、斑块密度、边缘密度以及聚集度均表现出逐渐上升或下降的单调变化趋势,而最大斑块指数、分割度和Shannon多样性指数均由于城乡交错带的影响表现出非单调变化趋势。     

特色城区景观空间格局及植被特性分析——以聊城古城为例

根据实地勘测和在地理信息系统(GIS)的支持下对聊城古城景观空间格局及其植被特性进行了分析。研究结果表明,聊城古城区主要由建筑用地、道路、绿地、水体四种景观组成单元构成。绿地总面积为85 495.181 m2,其中斑块绿地76 239.794 m2,廊道绿地9 255.387 m2,绿地斑块密度0.0002,平均绿地斑块形状指数1.8322,平均绿地斑块土壤特性指数32.14%。古城共有植物51种,其中乡土树种占总株数的92%,具有浓重的地域特色。     

我国城市森林建设初探

基于城市森林的内涵和功能以及城市森林建设的理论和法律依据,结合我国目前城市森林建设现状及存在的问题,提出了我国城市森林建设的思路和对策。     

呼和浩特市城市现代化水平综合评价与分析

城市现代化是城市素质的综合反映,城市现代化水平评价是衡量1个城市综合竞争力的最有效方法。本文根据城市现代化的概念与内涵,构建了呼和浩特市城市现代化评价指标体系与测度模型,运用层次分析法对历年的城市现代化水平进行了综合评价与动态分析。分析表明:自1990年以来,呼和浩特市城市现代化水平呈平稳上升趋势,但总体水平仍然偏低,处于现代化的准备阶段向基本实现现代化阶段的过渡时期。