Estimation of Runoff,Peak Discharge and Sediment Load at the Event Scale in a Medium‐Size Mediterranean Watershed Using the Annagnps Model

In this paper, the Annualized Agricultural Non‐Point Source (AnnAGNPS) model has been used to estimate runoff, peak discharge and sediment load at the event scale in a Mediterranean watershed. The study area is the Carapelle torrent, Southern Italy (area = 506 km²), where continuous rainfall, streamflow and sediment load data are available. Nineteen flood events have been registered in the period 2007–2009 and were used for the application of the model. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the predictive accuracy of the model at the event scale, in a medium‐size watershed, given the specific conditions of the semi‐arid environments. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to assign the correct parameterization: the mean normalized output variation of the most meaningful input parameters pointed out the influence of the curve number on runoff, peak discharge and sediment load predictions (values greater than 1); the MN Manning's roughness coefficient and K, C and P factors of the universal soil loss equation showed a moderate influence on sediment load simulations (values between 0·5 and 1). The selection of the Soil Conservation Service synthetic storm types has been based on the observed storm events analysis to improve the peak discharge simulations. The model prediction has proved to be good for runoff (R² = 0·74, NSE = 0·75, W = 0·92) and peak discharge (R² = 0·85, NSE = 0·70, W = 0·94), and satisfactory for sediment yield (R² = 0·70, NSE = 0·63, W = 0·91). The relative error is lower for high events; this result is quite interesting in semi‐arid environments, where most of the annual sediment yield is concentrated in a few, severe events. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

厌氧悬浮颗粒污泥床同时反硝化产甲烷研究

利用厌氧悬浮颗粒污泥床反应器，以自配水为基质，通过微生物的反硝化作用和产甲烷作用成功实现了在单级反应器中去除硝酸盐和水中有机质的目的。反应器开始接种的污泥是产甲烷颗粒污泥，通过不断提高进水中硝酸盐的浓度，使厌氧颗粒污泥逐渐适应水中的硝酸盐，反硝化剩余的有机碳源转化为甲烷气体。在硝酸盐负荷为0.75kgN03^- -N·m^-3d^-1和COD负荷为14.1kgCOD·m^-3d^-1的稳态下，硝酸盐和有机碳的去除率分别为99.5％和90.1％以上。对反应器产生的气体所进行的气体组成测试表明，加入的硝酸盐全部转化为氮气，这一结果表明发生了真正的反硝化反应。     

渭河下游水沙变化趋势分析

本文通过对近6年渭河下游水沙量数据的统计和分析得出,渭河下游河段年内多沙期较河流主汛期有所提前;年径流量和年输沙量的变化趋势基本一致,而且自60年代至2005年华县站的水沙量持续呈递减趋势;河流的冲淤情况与该河段的降雨量有着直接的关系,当年平均降雨量小的时候河流以淤积为主,当年平均降雨量大的时候河流以冲蚀为主。针对这些特征,分析了渭河下游目前存在的主要问题。     

根茎类作物单摆铲栅收获装置渐变抛掷特性

单摆铲栅是基于变幅变向振动技术研发的铲栅一体收获装置。为明确单摆铲栅工作特性及抛掷分离作业机理,该研究在运动学及动力学分析基础上建立了铲栅工作面抛掷系数解析方程,铲栅工作面各点抛掷系数随工作长度逐渐增大且具有明显的渐变抛掷特性和较强的抛掷能力,分离区最大抛掷系数达9.98～19.72;建立了单摆铲栅EDEM-MBD耦合仿真模型,以振幅、振动频率、前进速度为因素开展单因素仿真试验,试验结果表明：受工作面抛掷特性及土壤粘塑性影响,牵引阻力、驱动转矩具有明显的强弱周期,在强周期内：单摆铲栅与土壤互作力较大,分离间距最大值发生在该周期切削行程终点时刻分离区中点处;振幅为7～11 mm时,牵引阻力均值约1 580.93～2 019.9 N、最大驱动转矩约224.04～322.11 、最大分离间距约59.58～98.3 mm;振动频率为6.67～10.67 Hz时,牵引阻力均值约1 416.43～1 866.38 N、最大驱动转矩约315.28～364.19 、最大分离间距约78.43～94.67 mm;前进速度为0.2～0.4 m/s时,牵引阻力均值约1 429.43～2 110.48 N、最大驱动转矩约241.27～387.78 、最大分离间距约62.5～102.5 mm。甘草收获试验结果表明：甘草收获机牵引阻力32.17 kN、驱动转矩802.02 、挖掘深度468 mm时,收净率为96.42%,单摆铲栅作业过程流畅有序,渐变抛掷作用明显,根茎土壤分离效果良好。该研究结果可为根茎作物特别是深根茎作物节能高效收获提供参考。     

蒋家沟泥石流入汇时小江悬移质输沙特征分析

以2009年8月4日蒋家沟的一场泥石流入汇小江后泥沙观测资料为基础,分析了蒋家沟泥石流入汇小江后的泥沙输移特征。泥石流为小江直接提供了大量的悬移质泥沙,导致入汇时小江输移的泥沙量剧增,输沙率达到了平时的5倍以上;部分堆积于入汇口的泥石流固体物质也在泥石流结束后受小江水流冲刷再次起动,使小江悬移质输沙率在泥石流结束后呈平稳下降,与蒋家沟呈幂曲线下降形成明显的区别。由于泥石流输入的泥沙中细颗粒更容易被小江水流输移,因此尽管入汇的泥石流泥沙中粗颗粒含量较高,但在小江泥沙中含量增加的却是较细的粉沙、黏土颗粒,小江悬移质的中值粒径与含沙量、输沙率和流量的关系曲线都呈上凸形。     

基于浑浊度监测山区河流悬浮泥沙含量的试验研究

针对山区河流悬浮泥沙含量监测缺乏实时性的问题,对浑浊度及悬浮泥沙含量进行监测,分析光照强度、流速、颗粒粒径和水体含沙量对浑浊度的影响,建立浑浊度与悬浮泥沙含量的关系模型式。结果表明： 1）光照强度对浑浊度的影响最大,根据二者之间的关系,将光照强度（E）划分为3个区间：E≤6 800 lx、6 800 lx <E≤22 000 lx、E>22 000 lx,对应于3个区间,确定了浑浊度与悬浮泥沙含量的关系模型; 2）水流流速主要影响上层泥沙颗粒的分布,流速为0.16 m/s时测量区域的浑浊度大于流速为0.018 m/s时的浑浊度; 3）泥沙颗粒的粒径大于扬动流速能带动的临界粒径时,其会沉积在渠底,因此,泥沙级配中大于临界粒径的颗粒占比越大,悬浮泥沙含量越小,浑浊度越小; 4）水体含沙量越大,水沙输移过程中携带悬浮泥沙的量也越多,测量区域上层水样的浑浊度越大; 5）采用本研究确定的浑浊度与悬浮泥沙含量的3个关系模型,预测得到的悬浮泥沙含量与实际悬浮泥沙含量的平均相对误差分别为7.22%、10.00%、8.58%。根据在自然条件下不同光照强度区间测得的浑浊度,可以得出该测量区域的悬浮泥沙含量。由于浑浊度可以现场连续、快速测得,所以将此方法引入山区河流悬浮含沙量实时监测是可行的。     

阳台壁挂式太阳能:推进太阳能与建筑节能的结合

中国是一个发展中国家,人均能源资源相对贫乏。目前中国总面积为96亿hm2,耕地面积只有1.2亿hm2,人均耕地面积才只有933.8 m2。每年城乡新建建筑竣工面积约为15亿至20亿m2;建筑能源耗能占全社会总耗能近37%,其中建材的生产能耗占16.7%,用水占城市用水的47%,建筑使用的钢材占全国用钢量的30%,水泥占25%。目前,在中国已建成的近400亿m2的建筑中,99%为高耗能建筑,新建建筑中95%以上也仍属于高耗能建筑,因而建筑节能就成为重中之重。随着节能省地型建筑的大面积推广,高层住宅建筑在城镇建筑中越来越广泛,如何推广太阳能在高层节能建筑中的应用,成为政府、建筑商关注的一个要点。     

Intake and discharge nutrient loads at three intensive shrimp farms

This study was conducted to help provide a framework for Australian regulation of shrimp farm siting and discharges. Monitoring of farm water usage, and intake and discharge water quality was conducted at three commercial intensive shrimp farms, chosen to represent different operating environments, latitudes, cultured species and management styles. Weekly samples were taken over 3 years, for 3–12 months at each farm, to investigate intake and discharge concentrations and loads of total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). Mean water exchange was 1.4 ML ha^?1 day^?1 (about 10% day^?1) at the first farm studied and 0.5 ML ha^?1 day^?1 (about 3.6% day^?1) at the others. Farm mean discharge concentration varied as follows: TSS, from 36.9 to 119 mg L^?1; TN, from 2.1 to 3.1 mg L^?1 and TP, from 0.22 to 0.28 mg L^?1. Farm mean intake concentrations were from 11% to 91% of equivalent mean discharge concentration (for TN at Farm B and TSS at Farm C respectively). Mean net discharge loads, related to area of production ponds at each farm, varied as follows: TSS, from 4.8 to 85.7 kg ha^?1 day^?1; TN, from 1 to 1.8 kg ha^?1 day^?1 and TP, from 0.11 to 0.22 kg ha^?1 day^?1. The highest net loads of TSS, TN and TP were all from the farm with the highest water exchange rate, located on a coastal river, and studied during a year of high rainfall with associated poor water quality. These results can be used to help predict likely discharge characteristics for new shrimp farms, and provide a benchmark against which to evaluate future improvements in shrimp farm environmental management.     

平原河网水中悬浮颗粒物对金鱼藻、水网藻的影响

研究了水体悬浮颗粒物对修复植物的影响规律,结果揭示了悬浮颗粒物对水生植物影响的两面性以及修复植物对颗粒物胁迫产生自由基进行清除的适应机制。在正常情况下,金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum dem ersumL)体超氧化物歧化酶活性维持在256~280 U/g(鲜重),过氧化物酶活性维持在80~90 U/g(鲜重)的水平,保证了细胞膜脂质氧化的分子标志物MDA的代谢水平低于65μmol/g(鲜重)。当金鱼藻受到大于300 mg/L颗粒物的高强度胁迫时,其体内这两种抗氧化酶活性不仅没有维持在很高的水平,反而均呈下降趋势,致使金鱼藻体内的MDA平均值可达79μmol/g(鲜重)以上,形成了对细胞膜相对损伤率达35%以上的氧化损伤结果。在高浊度水体中水网藻(Hydrodictyon reticulatum)内比金鱼藻具有更强的适应性,因此水网藻更合适作为先锋修复植物。