Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

不同种植间距对香根草植物边坡优先流发育特征的影响

[目的]分析优先流在香根草边坡中的发育特征,研究植物根系与优先流之间的关系,为进一步研究降雨条件下植物根系对边坡土体稳定性的影响提供理论依据。[方法]以种植间距为50 cm和10 cm的香根草为研究对象,模拟30 mm和50 mm两种不同的降雨量,采用示踪剂试验研究了香根草边坡土壤的优先流发育特征。[结果]香根草种植间距从50 cm减少到10 cm会增大边坡的水力响应。在50 mm的降雨量作用下,10 cm种植间距的香根草边坡土壤的染色面积比率和优先流比分别是50 cm的1.55,1.76倍。表层土0—10 cm土层深度范围内染色路径数量变化不明显,在10—35 cm深度土层范围,10 cm种植间距的染色路径数量多于50 cm种植间距的香根草边坡土壤。当降雨量由30 mm增加至50 mm时,水流会通过优势通道更迅速迁移到边坡土壤中。降雨量为30 mm土壤的染色面积比率(36.11%)和优先流比(67.25%)小于50 mm土壤的染色面积比率(49.68%)和优先流比(79.96%),并且染色路径数量随着降雨量的增加而增多。[结论]香根草根系特征与优先流关系密切。选择植物护坡时,应合理选...     

特大暴雨下不同土地利用类型坡面切沟发育特征

切沟侵蚀是黄土高原丘陵沟壑区水土流失的重要形式之一，然而极端暴雨条件下不同土地利用类型坡面切沟侵蚀研究还鲜见报道。该研究以陕北2017年"7·26"特大暴雨为例，研究了岔巴沟流域3种土地利用类型（农地、休闲地和撂荒地）坡面切沟发育形态特征及体积估算模型。结果表明：1）农地、休闲地和撂荒地切沟长度分布在20 m内的占比分别为55.6%、34.8%和44.8%；农地切沟平均深度为110 cm，分别比休闲地和撂荒地高18.3%、19.2%；农地和休闲地切沟平均宽深比分别为0.87和0.84，横断面呈"宽-浅型"，而撂荒地切沟呈"方型"（宽深比1.01）。2）撂荒地切沟侵蚀体积分别比农地和休闲地减少47.8%和28.3%，表明植被恢复有效地削弱了极端暴雨作用下的切沟侵蚀。3）农地切沟不同坡段侵蚀体积由高到低为下坡、上坡、中坡，而休闲地和撂荒地切沟侵蚀体积沿坡长方向呈递增趋势；3种土地利用类型切沟在上坡段的沟岸拓宽速率大于下切速率，中下坡则相反。4）农地、休闲地和撂荒地切沟侵蚀体积均与切沟长度、横断面面积呈极显著幂函数关系（P<0.001），横断面面积是切沟体积估算更为有效的参数。研究结果可为黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用类型坡面切沟侵蚀体积估算及其防治提供重要依据。     

门头沟山区矿产废弃地及公路边坡植被恢复技术适应性研究

对在北京市门头沟区典型矿产废弃地和裸露公路边坡实施的8种植被恢复技术的效果进行了调查与分析,结果表明:对潭柘寺及妙峰山石灰窑废弃地进行的人工景观修复效果最佳,植被覆盖度达85%以上,美景度达优级,居民满意度最高;付家台公路上边坡绿化笼砖裸岩生态修复技术和黄土台无土碎石边坡创新生态修复技术的植被恢复效果也较好,冲蚀量及入渗速率都有明显的改善,但无土碎石边坡植被恢复中,容器苗修复技术存在着植株成活率较低的问题;百花山景区公路沿线采用客土移栽修复技术植被恢复效果显著,但这种技术对土质及坡度都有较高的要求,具有一定的局限性;植生袋及保育棒修复技术虽然植被盖度较高,但所用植株较低、绿期短,且存在建设成本较高的问题;挂网喷播修复技术具有较大的局限性,在坡角大于50°时,由于土壤冲蚀量大,坡面挂不住土层,所以植株无法正常生长,而在坡角小于50°时,一般无需使用这种技术,因为它的建设成本及维护成本较高。     

基于CSLE模型的天山北坡西白杨沟流域土壤侵蚀定量评价

[目的]定量评价天山北坡西白杨沟流域水土流失土壤侵蚀状况,分析其分布特征,为区域水土保持以及生态环境建设提供科学依据。[方法]以新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐县西白杨沟流域为研究区,采用样地调查与地理信息系统(GIS)、遥感(RS)技术相结合方法和CSLE模型,对西白杨沟流域进行土壤水力侵蚀评价及侵蚀强度空间分布分析。[结果]天山北坡西白杨沟流域平均土壤侵蚀模数748.91 t/(km~2·a)。地形对土壤侵蚀强度影响明显,在坡度20°～40°区域,土壤侵蚀模数最高,为1 127.22～1 229.62 t/(km~2·a)。缓坡(20°)区域,坡度对土壤侵蚀模数呈正效应,而在陡坡(40°～70°)区域,坡度对土壤侵蚀模数呈负效应。土壤侵蚀主要发生在南坡、东南坡和东坡;不同土地利用方式对土壤水力侵蚀程度影响不同,表现为:呈灌木林地[1 709.80 t/(km~2·a)]有林地[1 389.40 t/(km~2·a)]天然牧草地[605.20 t/(km~2·a)]人工牧草地[334.71 t/(km~2·a)]水浇地[113.69 t/(km~2·a)]的趋势。[结论]土壤侵蚀强度总体以微度和轻度为主,强烈侵蚀、极强烈侵蚀、剧烈侵蚀主要分布在流域的中下游和下游;天山北坡西白杨沟流域侵蚀强度的空间分布与地形、土地利用、土壤性质联系紧密。     

生物炭对不同坡度坡耕地土壤水动力学参数的影响

在3种地形坡度条件下,开展了施加生物炭后连续两年的土壤水动力学效应试验研究,探究不同坡度坡耕地施加生物炭当年和次年对土壤水分常数、土壤水分特征曲线、比水容量、非饱和导水率K(h)和非饱和扩散率D(θ)的影响。结果表明:施用生物炭当年和次年均使土壤田间持水率和饱和含水率增大,且随坡度增加其增率变大,生物炭因子两年内对土壤水分常数的影响显著(P <0. 015),而坡度因子影响不显著(P> 0. 05),即生物炭因子作用更明显;施用生物炭两年内,在各个土壤吸力条件下土壤含水率均增大,土壤持水性增强,且同地形坡度呈正相关关系、同年限呈负相关关系;生物炭在两年内均增大土壤比水容量,使其供水能力加强,最大增量1. 830 207×10^-3cm^3/cm^4;地形坡度对K(h)无明显影响,但施加生物炭可使K(h)增大,土壤导水性增强,2016、2017年K(h)最高分别增加239. 61%、164. 04%;施加生物炭可降低D(θ),抑制土壤水分的水平运动,随地形坡度增加抑制效果增强。生物炭施用当年对各土壤水动力学参数的影响大于施用次年。研究结果可为东北黑土区坡耕地农业水土保护和利用提供理论依据。     

坡面水蚀过程的力能体系及研究思路

通过对作用于水蚀过程中力能变化的分析,重点描述了雨滴击溅力、坡面径流力、土粒黏结力、地表摩擦力的计算方法及作用过程和主要影响因子,对于表达式中各参数,设计出确定其数值的实验方案。     

晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区沟坡防护林造林技术

通过对土壤水分和当地具有代表性的树种——刺槐活立木解析资料的分析,将晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区的沟坡宜林地划为三个质量等级,将沟坡造林立地条件划分为黄土阴沟坡、红土阴沟坡和黄土阳沟坡、红土阳沟坡四类型;在此基础上,根据引种、造林试验和调查资料,得出了不同立地条件下的适宜造林树种.依据试验和推广情况,提出了深坑栽植、油松丛植、集流林业、雨季造林,冬季幼树埋土、ABT生根粉浸根等宜在晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区推广的实用造林技术.     

晴天和阴天对刺槐光合生理特性的影响

以渭北地区刺槐为研究对象,采用LI-6400便携式光合作用系统,于2009年6月和8月分别在晴天和阴天条件下,测定刺槐光合作用的日进程及光合光响应曲线.结果表明:无论在6月还是8月,晴天刺槐的净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Ga)在10:00以前高于阴天,而在午间12:00和14:00低于阴天.刺槐的胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、空气CO2浓度(Ca)、空气相对湿度(RH)、光能利用率(LUE)在晴天的绝大多数时间显著低于阴天,而蒸腾速率(Tr)、水汽压亏缺(VPD)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度(Ta)在晴天的全天都显著高于阴天.在晴天条件下,虽然刺槐的Ga,Ci,Ca,RH,LUE的日均值比阴天低,但Pn,Tr,VPD,PAR,Ta的日均值比阴天高,从而能够积累更多的日均光合固碳量.在阴天条件下,刺槐的最大光合速率(Pmax)高于晴天,且暗呼吸速率(Rd)和光补偿点(LCP)显著低于晴天,表现出很强的光合适应能力.     

Soil conservation on road embankments using palm‐mat geotextiles: field studies in Lithuania

The application of geotextile mats constructed from the palm leaves of Borassus aethiopum (Borassus) and Mauritia flexuosa (Buriti) was investigated in field experiments. The use of geotextiles caused improved soil moisture storage during dry summer periods on a steep (21–25°) roadside slope in Lithuania. The enhanced soil moisture under the Borassus and Buriti mats encouraged better root development of perennial grasses, increased the number and weight of earthworms and increased the dry biomass of perennial grasses by 50.5 and 18.2%, respectively, compared with a grassland control. The mean rate of water erosion from bare soil during the study period from 17/04/2007 to 11/12/2008 was 33.21 Mg/ha. The cover of palm‐mat geotextiles decreased soil losses from bare fallow soil by 94.8–91.1%. An erosion rate of 0.85 Mg/ha over this 21‐month period was measured on the slope under perennial grasses without geotextile cover. Application of geotextile cover on perennial grasses completely prevented soil erosion by water. Therefore, use of geotextiles has clear soil and water conservation benefits on industrial slopes susceptible to erosion. The use of geotextiles has multiple benefits including soil conservation, the improvement of plant growth conditions and the encouragement of earthworm populations.