Stoffbildung, CO2-Gaswechsel, Kohlenhydrat- und Stickstoffgehalt von Winterweizen bei erhöhter CO2-Konzentration und Trocken-streß

Dry Matter Production, CO₂ Exchange, Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Content of Winter Wheat at Elevated CO₂ Concentration and Drought Stress
Methods of mathematical modelling and simulation are being used to an increasing degree in estimating the effects of rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration and changing climatic conditions on agricultural ecosystems. In this context, detailed knowledge is required about the possible effects on crop growth and physiological processes. To this aim, the influence of an elevated CO₂ concentration and of drought stress on dry matter production, CO₂ exchange, and on carbohydrate and nitrogen content was studied in two winter wheat varieties from shooting to milk ripeness. Elevated CO₂ concentration leads to a compensation of drought stress and at optimal water supply to an increase of vegetative dry matter and of yield to the fourfold value. This effects were caused by enhanced growth of secondary tillers which were reduced in plants cultivated at atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Analogous effects in the development of ear organs were influenced additionally by competitive interactions between the developing organs. The content and the mass of ethanol soluble carbohydrates in leaves and stems were increased after the CO₂ treatment and exhausted more completely during the grain filling period after drought stress. Plants cultivated from shooting to milk ripeness at elevated CO₂ concentration showed a reduced response of net photosynthesis rate to increasing CO₂ concentration by comparison with untreated plants. The rate of dark respiration was increased in this plants.     

热应激对动物生殖机能的影响及其作用机理

温度对动物生殖机能具有重要的影响,本文分别阐述热应激对雌性动物发情、受胎率、胚胎成活率、产仔数以及对雄性动物繁殖性能的影响,并提出了热应激对动物生殖机能影响的可能作用机理。     

奶牛中草药抗热应激添加剂剂量的对比试验

40头荷斯坦泌乳牛随机分成4组,采用单因子试验设计,分别饲喂由基础日粮与不同剂量的中草药添加剂(每头·日0g为A组即对照组、25g为B组、75g为C组、125g为D组)组成的日粮。结果表明:干物质摄入量C、D组分别比对照组多摄入1.6kg、1.6kg。校正体重和乳脂的产乳量,C组、D组分别较对照组提高46.3%(P<0.01)和34.4%(P<0.01),且C组、D组乳脂率较对照组分别提高8.8%(P<0.05)、20%(P<0.05)。C组、D组红细胞数较对照组分别提高35.8%(P<0.01)、33.9%(P<0.01),而呼吸率则分别降低43.3次/分、47.2次/分、肛温分别降低1.2℃、1.1℃。对照组中暑死亡两头,其余组没有死亡。经济效益,C组、D组分别比对照组提高83.7%.、51.2%。     

Kaolin treatment to reduce pomegranate sunburn

The aim of this study was to reduce pomegranate losses due to sunburn in south-western Spain. Summer temperatures may rise above 45 °C, resulting in sunburn damage to the fruits, which may inflict losses of up to 40% of the total yield. Data were obtained in two consecutive years. Surround^® WP, a product comprising processed, refined kaolin, was sprayed over the whole canopy and fruits four times at 2–3-week intervals from mid-June to early August, the first application at 5% and the other three at 2.5%. The resulting white coating significantly reduced fruit and leaf surface temperatures relative to the control by averages of 4.9 and 2.5 °C, respectively. Sunburn damage of fruits was reduced from 21.9% in untreated control to 9.4% in the Surround WP-treated fruits.     

铅胁迫对金丝草生长及生理生化的影响

采用土培方法,探究不同梯度铅胁迫(0、1000、2000和3000 mg·kg^-1)对金丝草生长形态、体内抗氧化系统和渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明:低浓度(1000 mg·kg^-1)处理会诱导金丝草叶片过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白(SP)含量和根系抗超氧阴离子自由基活力(ASAFR)、可溶性糖(SS)及脯氨酸(Pro)含量增加,使得金丝草植株总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)处于较高水平,促进了金丝草株高、叶长和生物量的增加。随胁迫浓度增加,高浓度(2000~3000 mg·kg^-1)处理下,金丝草叶片和根系丙二醛(MDA)含量迅速增加,株高、叶长、叶面积和生物量下降,生长受到抑制。但金丝草通过增强叶片和根系POD、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性来抵御过氧化作用,提高可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量维持细胞正常运作,增加根系生物量占比来加强根系发育,一定程度适应了高浓度铅胁迫。综上表明,金丝草主要通过叶片和根系不同抗氧化酶差异化响应、提高渗透调节物质含量,提升金丝草植株总抗氧化能力等途径来提高Pb耐性,对Pb污染矿区植物修复有较大潜力。     

质膜内在蛋白ZmPIP1;1参与玉米耐旱性和光合作用的功能分析

质膜内在蛋白(plasma membrane intrinsic proteins, PIPs)是水通道蛋白主要亚家族成员之一,在植物生长发育过程中具有重要调节功能。前期研究表明,玉米ZmPIP1;1基因表达受到渗透和盐胁迫的强烈诱导,但其在玉米中的生物学功能尚不明确。本研究通过玉米遗传转化获得了ZmPIP1;1超表达转基因株系,干旱胁迫实验揭示了ZmPIP1;1超表达转基因株系较野生型具有较低的水分散失率及较强的干旱胁迫耐性。转录组测序结果表明参与ABA生物合成及其信号通路相关基因的表达水平发生了显著变化。在田间正常生长条件下,ZmPIP1;1超表达转基因植株与野生型在生长发育过程中没有明显差异,但转基因玉米株系具有较高的光合效率,粒宽和百粒重增加,玉米单果穗的产量提高。此外,通过荧光双分子互补实验观察到ZmPIP1;1和ZmPIP2;6蛋白在玉米叶肉细胞原生质体的细胞质膜和叶绿体膜上存在互作,并且可能导致了ZmPIP蛋白的重定位。该研究为ZmPIP1;1分子机制的解析奠定了重要基础,为玉米高光效分子设计育种开辟了新的途径。     

几种经济红藻中茉莉酸合成途径的关键物质

为研究几种经济红藻中茉莉酸合成途径的关键物质,实验采用液相色谱—质谱联用技术(LC-MS)对茉莉酸生物合成途径相关物质建立检测方法,并对龙须菜、坛紫菜受到机械损伤时各物质的变化情况进行检测。以100%甲醇提取茉莉酸(JA)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、12-氧-植物二烯酸(12-OPDA)和13-氢过氧化亚麻酸(13-HpOTE),利用XBridge TM C18色谱柱,以甲醇/水为流动相分离4种物质。优化条件下4种物质得到良好分离,加标回收率为81.23%～90.25%,检测限为0.04～0.56 ng/mL,灵敏度高。坛紫菜、龙须菜和真江蓠3种红藻中,坛紫菜中未检测到JA和13-HpOTE,4种物质均在另外2种藻中检测到。龙须菜受机械损伤胁迫后,4种物质在短时间内得到积累,其中13-HpOTE响应迅速。研究表明,红藻中可能存在类似于植物的茉莉酸合成途径,并参与对损伤的胁迫响应。     

低鱼粉饲料中添加酶解豆粕对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和抗胁迫机能的影响

为研究在养殖过程中降低鱼粉用量的同时保持凡纳滨对虾良好的生长性能和抗逆能力,实验在含10%鱼粉的基础饲料中,分别添加酶解豆粕(PSM) 0%(A)、2.5%(B)、3.5%(C)、4.5%(D)、5.5%(E)制成5组等氮等能饲料,分别投喂初始体质量为(0.45±0.02) g的凡纳滨对虾幼虾8周,检测对虾生长性能及抗胁迫机能。结果显示,8周养殖实验结束后,各实验组对虾的终末体质量为14.65～15.38 g/尾,各组间对虾终末均重、成活率和饲料系数指标均无显著性差异;A组对虾肌肉粗蛋白质含量显著低于其他各实验组;C组、D组和E组对虾肌肉粗脂肪含量显著高于A组;各组间灰分和水分均无显著性差异;D组和E组对虾肝胰腺蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、血清溶菌酶和血清总超氧化物歧化酶活性(T-SOD)均显著高于A组;A组对虾血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于D组和E组。人工急性感染高剂量副溶血性弧菌的胁迫实验中,A组对虾在弧菌感染48和60 h时的累积死亡率均显著高于D组对虾同期的累积死亡率;低剂量副溶血性弧菌人工急性感染后,在凡纳滨对虾鳃组织中检测Toll受体、免疫缺陷(IMD)和溶菌酶3种免疫相关基...     

海带提取物影响海水胁迫豆芽生长的试验研究

用45%海水稀释海带物质作为试验液,培养大豆种子,结果表明：400倍液提高成苗率61.36%;800倍稀释液提高豆芽的主根长44.2%,茎长、茎重分别提高117.7%和12.23%;600倍液分别提高豆芽最长叶、叶鲜重、叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量100.14%、70.29%、0.96%、179.50%。