Sources of resistance to septoria tritici blotch and implications for wheat breeding

Twenty-four wheat cultivars and breeding lines were screened for isolate-specific resistance to septoria tritici blotch (STB) caused by 12 isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola. New isolate-specific resistances that could be used in wheat breeding were identified. Major sources of resistance to STB used in world breeding programmes for decades, such as Kavkaz-K4500, Veranopolis, Catbird and TE9111, have several isolate-specific resistances. This suggests that 'pyramiding' several resistance genes in one cultivar may be an effective and durable strategy for breeding for resistance to STB in wheat. Several cultivars, including Arina, Milan and Senat, had high levels of partial resistance to most isolates tested as well as isolate-specific resistances. Resistance to isolate IPO323 was common, present in all but one of the major sources of resistance tested. This suggests that resistance to IPO323 may be an indicator of varietal resistance to STB in the field.     

吴忠市利通区西瓜果斑病的发生及防控措施

详细介绍了利通区西瓜果斑病的发生、危害症状及发生前后宜采取的各种防控措施及预防措施。     

High-throughput screening reveals small molecule modulators inhibitory to Acidovorax citrulli

Acidovorax citrulli is a seed-transmitted gram-negative bacterium that can cause substantial economic yield loss in watermelon and melon production worldwide. Four small-molecule libraries containing 4,952 compounds were selected for high-throughput screening against A. citrulli wild-type strain Xu3-14 by evaluation of growth inhibition. One hundred and twenty-seven molecules (2.5% hit rate) were identified as bactericidal or bacteriostatic against A. citrulli at 100 μM. Secondary screens indicated that 27 candidate compounds were more effective against A. citrulli Group II strains than Group I strains (classified using repetitive element PCR). Several compounds were inhibitory to other pathogenic bacteria, including Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, but did not affect the growth of plant beneficial bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis. More than half of the compounds did not inhibit germination of Arabidopsis or watermelon seeds. The effect of small molecules on A. citrulli seed-to-seedling transmission was evaluated by applying each compound to inoculated watermelon seeds and assessing seedling infection. Nine compounds were chosen for further investigation based on their reduction of percentage seedling infection and compiling scores on their specificity, sensitivity, and phytotoxicity obtained in the secondary screens. The five best compounds were selected (thiamphenicol, nadifloxacin, pipemidic acid, ciclopirox, and zinc pyrithione) for greenhouse tests and were found to effectively reduce the seed-to-seedling transmission of A. citrulli in both artificially and naturally infested seeds. These top five compounds provide a basis for future development of an A. citrulli-specific bactericide.     

60%吡唑醚菌酯·代森联水分散粒剂防治猕猴桃褐斑病田间药效试验

2017年开展的60%吡唑醚菌酯·代森联水分散粒剂防治猕猴桃褐斑病田间药效试验,结果表明,该药剂对猕猴桃灰霉病有很好的防治效果,于叶片发病初期使用有效剂量400~600mg/kg,连续茎叶喷雾2次,10d后防治效果达75%~83%,试验剂量下对猕猴桃树生长安全。     

Genomewide association study reveals novel quantitative trait loci associated with resistance towards Septoria tritici blotch in North European winter wheat

Fungal diseases are a major constraint for wheat production. Effective disease resistance is essential for ensuring a high production quality and yield. One of the most severe fungal diseases of wheat is Septoria tritici blotch (STB), which influences wheat production across the world. In this study, genomewide association mapping was used to identify new chromosomal regions on the wheat genome conferring effective resistance towards STB. A winter wheat population of 164 North European varieties and breeding lines was genotyped with 15K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) wheat array. The varieties were evaluated for STB in field trials at three locations in Denmark and across 3 years. The association analysis revealed four quantitative trait loci, on chromosomes 1B, 2A, 5D and 7A, highly associated with STB resistance. By comparing varieties containing several quantitative trait loci (QTL) with varieties containing none of the found QTL, a significant difference was found in the mean disease score. This indicates that an effective resistance can be obtained by pyramiding several QTL.     

不同小麦品种(系)叶枯病田间发病情况及抗性评价

在自然发病条件下,系统调查了河南省主栽小麦叶枯病在2005年-2007年的田间发病情况,并采用自然病圃法鉴定了49个小麦品种对叶枯病的抗性.结果表明:供试小麦品种(系)叶枯病都有不同程度的发生,多数供试品种田间发病相对较轻,但在不同年份间,发病程度存在差异,2006年度所有供试品种均发病轻,而2005年和2007年则发病较重.抗性评价结果表明,49个小麦品种(系)中,没有对叶枯病的免疫品种;表现抗病的品种有40个,占供试品种的81.63%,其中高度抗病品种11个,中度抗病品种29个;表现感病的品种有9个,占供试品种的18.37%,其中,中度感病品种6个,高度感病品种3个.综合3年试验数据表明,河南主栽或新选育小麦品种(系)中,多数品种对叶枯病表现抗病,但也有少数品种表现高度感病.     

Yield of doubled haploid lines of Nordic spring barley infected with net blotch, Pyrenophora teres

Five Nordic spring barley lines (‘Rolfi’, ‘Arve’, ‘Botnia’, ‘Pohto’ and WW7977) and doubled haploid (DH) populations from a half diallel of crosses between them, were sown in the field in Finland over 2 years and were artificially infected with Pyrenophora teres, the causal agent of net blotch. The purpose of the experiments was to determine the extent of yield loss under net blotch infection in a range of parent barleys and DH populations differing in symptom expression. Analysis of foliar damage symptoms, yield and aerial biomass data indicated that, in both years, there were statistically significant differences among parents and crosses, but the relationships between symptom expression and yield maintenance and between symptom expression and aerial biomass maintenance were stronger in 1997, when yields were higher and net blotch was less severe.     

Quantitative PCR monitoring of the effect of azoxystrobin treatments on Mycosphaerella graminicola epidemics in the field

Quantitative PCR and visual monitoring of Mycosphaerella graminicola epidemics were performed to investigate the effect of curative and preventative applications of azoxystrobin in wheat field crops. A non-systemic protectant and a systemic curative fungicide, chlorothalonil and epoxiconazole, respectively, were used as references. PCR diagnosis detected leaf infection by M graminicola 3 weeks before symptom appearance, thereby allowing a clear distinction between curative and preventative treatments. When applied 1 week after the beginning of infection, azoxystrobin curative activity was intermediate between chlorothalonil (low effect) and epoxiconazole. When applied preventatively, none of the fungicides completely prevented leaf infection. There was some indication that azoxystrobin preventative treatments may delay fungal DNA increase more than epoxiconazole at the beginning of leaf infection. Both curative and preventative treatments increased the time lapse between the earliest PCR detection and the measurement of a 10% necrotic leaf area. Azoxystrobin only slightly decreased the speed of necrotic area increase compared with epoxiconazole. Hence, azoxystrobin activity toward M graminicola mainly resides in lengthening the time lapse between the earliest PCR detection and the measurement of a 10% necrotic leaf area. Information generated in this way is useful for optimal positioning of azoxystrobin treatments on M graminicola.     

Structural Characterisation of the Interaction between Triticum aestivum and the Dothideomycete Pathogen Stagonospora nodorum

The interaction between Stagonospora nodorum and a susceptible wheat cultivar was investigated using a range of microscopic techniques. Germination of pycnidiospores occurred approximately 3 h after making contact with the leaf surface and was followed by attempted penetration 8–12 h later. Penetration was observed through stomata and also directly through periclinal and anticlinal epidermal cell walls. Penetration down the anticlinal cell walls appeared to occur without a differentiated penetrating structure whilst structures identified as either lateral appressoria or hyphopodia were typically present when penetrating over a periclinal cell wall. Once inside the leaf, the fungus continued to grow for the next 4–5 days colonising all parts of the leaf except the vascular bundles. Only in the later phase of the infection was total host cell collapse apparent. Evidence of polyphenolic compounds was observed. The infection cycle was completed within 7 days as indicated by sporulation on the leaf surface. These results have allowed us to understand how the fungus physically interacts with the leaf and will help the overall understanding of the infection process.     

种子处理对籽瓜细菌性果斑病防治效果的研究

籽瓜细菌性果斑病(Acidovorax avenae subsp.citrulli)是近年来在新疆出现的一种检疫性病害,种子带菌是该病传播的重要方式之一.通过对市售的带有细菌性果斑病的籽瓜种子进行不同温度及不同药剂的处理,经温室种植测定,计算出各种处理方法对籽瓜果斑病的防治效果.结果显示50℃湿热处理30min;60℃干热处理4h,以及2%的HCl处理20min对防治籽瓜细菌性果斑病种子带菌具有良好的效果,各生产单位可以根据实际情况选择合适的方法,以减轻细菌性果斑病的危害和蔓延.