Variability in the performance of juvenile Chinook salmon is explained primarily by when and where they resided in estuarine habitats

Estuarine habitats provide rearing opportunities for the juvenile life stage of anadromous fishes. Because survival is positively correlated with juvenile performance, these estuarine habitats play an important role in population abundance and productivity. To provide information for the recovery of several depressed stocks of Chinook salmon in the Columbia River Basin, we sought to identify the factors that explain variability in performance. Using otolith‐derived estimates of juvenile somatic growth rate as an index of recent performance, we observed a negative nonlinear relationship between growth rate and day of year, and a decreasing and increasing trend of growth rate over the 8 years of this study and distance from the river mouth respectively. Using a generalised linear modelling approach, we found that variability in juvenile somatic growth rate was best explained by where and when individuals were collected, their body size, contaminant loads, stock of origin, and whether a fish was hatchery produced or unmarked. Lastly, we argue that a considerable improvement to the growth rate of juveniles in estuarine habitats is physiologically possible. The results of this 8‐year study provide a baseline of the performance of juvenile Chinook salmon to evaluate habitat restoration programs and to compare against future anthropogenic conditions.     

银杏幼胚离体培养再生植株的研究

 以佛手银杏幼胚为外植体, 研究了不同大小幼胚在不同培养条件下, 愈伤组织和胚状体的诱导发育情况。结果表明: 大于3 mm的幼胚, 在MK +NAA 1.0 mg·L ^{- 1} +BA 1.0 mg·L ^{- 1}培养基上胚状体诱导率最高, 达到53.6% , 最多的一块愈伤组织形成多达38个胚状体。暗培养不利于胚状体的发生。在MK培养基上添加10%椰汁对胚状体的生长发育有很好的促进作用, 有34.5%生长成苗。     

四川‘竹根姜’胚性细胞悬浮系的建立与植株再生

 选用四川省地方品种‘竹根姜’的茎尖组织建立了体细胞胚性细胞悬浮系, 并通过悬浮培养获得了姜再生植株。结果表明悬浮细胞干质量受pH影响。接种量和AgNO₃ 对悬浮细胞的生长都有影响:最佳接种量为1.0% , 最适AgNO₃浓度为6.0 mg·L ^{- 1}。胚性细胞悬浮系增殖后, 接种到前期筛选的成熟分化培养基上获得了再生植株。     

球根海棠离体培养的形态发生研究

 球根海棠外植体可在同一条件下同时诱导不定芽和胚状体, 经间接途径和直接途径的体细胞胚胎发生频率均很高, 体细胞胚为单细胞起源或多细胞起源。以再生嫩叶为继代中间体, 在较高温度(28 ℃) 下诱导, 可建立高效扩繁体系。纵切芽丛继代形成大量愈伤组织, 愈伤组织继代半年后几乎完全丧失分化能力, 发生激素驯化作用, 而且愈伤组织细胞染色体数目已发生广泛变异。     

A comparison of the effect of short-acting and long-acting cloxacillin-based dry-cow therapy on somatic cell counts after calving in cows also given internal teat sealants

AIM: To compare, in cows treated with an internal teat sealant, the effect of short-acting and long-acting cloxacillin-based dry-cow therapy on somatic cell counts (SCC) after calving.

METHODS: Cows from a spring-calving, pasture-based dairy farm in the Manawatu-Whanganui region of New Zealand were randomly allocated to receive either a short-acting cloxacillin and ampicillin dry-cow therapy and internal teat sealant (n=291) or a long-acting cloxacillin and ampicillin dry-cow therapy and internal teat sealant (n=288) at the end of lactation. Cows were managed on-farm with routine husbandry procedures through the dry period and following calving. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine the association between length of action of dry-cow therapy and the proportion of cows with a SCC >150,000?cells/mL at the first herd test after calving.

RESULTS: Age of cow, mean SCC for the preceding season and interval from calving to the first post-calving herd test were all associated with the proportion of cows with an individual SCC >150,000?cells/mL at the first herd test (p<0.001) Treatment with the short-acting dry-cow therapy was not associated with decreased odds of cows having a SCC >150,000?cells/mL at the first herd test compared with treatment with long-acting dry-cow therapy (OR=0.724; 95% CI=0.40–1.30).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In this herd, which routinely used internal teat sealants, the use of short-acting cloxacillin-based dry-cow therapy did not result in an increased proportion of cows with elevated SSC post-calving. This was a single farm, single year study but indicates that in this herd, changing from a long-acting to a short-acting antimicrobial may have no impact on the prevalence of subclinical mastitis.     

Effect of a 1800 MHz electromagnetic field emitted during embryogenesis on chick development and hatchability

The level of artificial electromagnetic field (EMF) has steadily increased with the development of human civilization. The developing chicken embryo has been considered a good model to study the effects of EMF on living organisms. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a 1800 MHz electromagnetic field during embryogenesis on the frequency of chick embryo malformations, morphometric parameters of the heart and liver and concentration of corticosterone in blood plasma, lipid and glycogen content in the liver of newly hatched chicks. A 1800 MHz EMF was found to shorten the duration of embryogenesis (earlier pipping and hatching of chicks) while having no effect on the quantity and quality of chicks and on increasing the incidence of embryo malformations. Exposure of chick embryos to EMF caused decreases in relative heart weight and right ventricle wall thickness. The pipping and hatching of chicks can be accelerated by stressful impact of EMF, which is confirmed by a significant increase in plasma corticosterone concentrations and decrease in fat and glycogen in the liver of chicks exposed during embryogenesis on the electromagnetic field with a frequency of 1800 MHz.     

紫外线照射对中华锯齿米虾胚胎发育的影响

自抱卵的中华锯齿米虾雌虾腹部剥离取卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期和无节幼体Ⅰ期的胚胎置于培养皿中,暴露在紫外线下,照射剂量分别为0、1、2、4、8、16 W·s/cm2,人工振荡培养箱中以速度55 r/min、温度25℃、湿度60％培养.每隔24 h在解剖镜下观察胚胎发育至48 h后进行数据分析,研究紫外线照射剂量对中华锯齿...     

番木瓜干旱胁迫相关CpDHN1基因的克隆与分析

番木瓜（Carica papaya L.）隶属于番木瓜科番木瓜属,是一种营养价值高的热带果树,广泛种植于热带和亚热带地区。作为全年结果的典型热带作物,番木瓜易受寒害、旱害等非生物胁迫的影响。然而,目前有关番木瓜的抗逆研究主要集中于导致绝产的病毒病,鲜见针对非生物胁迫的报道。脱水素又名第二类胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白,属于亲水性高、富含甘氨酸、复杂度低的非结构蛋白,因其与生物的抗逆性密切相关而受到广泛关注。为解决番木瓜生产在地域上的局限性,并进一步提高其品质和产量,积极筛选和鉴定参与非生物胁迫响应的关键基因具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。本研究基于转录组获得的CpDHN1转录本序列,以‘台农二号’番木瓜组培苗叶片为材料,提取总RNA进行反转录,结合RT-PCR技术克隆了该基因636 bp的全长编码区序列,在此基础上对其进行序列、表达特性以及原核表达分析。结果显示,CpDHN1编码211个氨基酸,其理论分子量为24.09 kDa,等电点为5.05,总平均疏水指数为-1.584,不稳定系数为66.51,属于不稳定、高度亲水的细胞核定位蛋白。CpDHN1蛋白富含谷氨酸、赖氨酸和丝氨酸,含有3个保守区域,即2个K片段和1个S片段,符合脱水素蛋白的基本结构特征,属于SK_n型脱水素。生物信息学分析表明CpDHN1无跨膜螺旋,其二级结构中以α-螺旋结构占主导。表达分析显示,该基因在根、叶片和韧皮部树液中均有表达,且其表达水平受干旱胁迫调控。同源分析表明,CpDHN1与拟南芥AtLEA4序列相似性最高,为46.8%,而与番木瓜中已报导的另一个脱水素CpDHN的相似性仅为19.4%。研究还构建了CpDHN1的原核表达载体,根据SDS-PAGE结果,CpDHN1在40 kDa处有条中强度的诱导条带,而在55 kDa处有条高亮的诱导条带,可能与其无规结构有关。这些结果为进一步的功能分析与应用奠定了坚实的基础。